1、Designation: F 2465 05Standard Guide forOil Spill Dispersant Application Equipment: Single-pointSpray Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2465; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers performance criteria, requirements,material characteristics, and essential features for oil spilldis
3、persant application systems. This guide is not intended to berestrictive to a specific configuration.1.2 This guide covers vessel-based spray systems employ-ing single-point spray nozzles, including designs that havebeen based on or evolved from “fire-monitor” systems, and isnot fully applicable to
4、other systems such as spray boom/nozzle or aircraft systems.1.3 This guide is one of five related to dispersant applicationsystems. The other four guides cover the design of boom andnozzle systems, spray system calibration, spray depositionmeasurements, and use of the systems. Familiarity with all f
5、iveguides (listed in 2.1) is recommended.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory
6、 limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 1413 Guide for Oil Spill Dispersant Application Equip-ment: Boom and Nozzle SystemsF 1460 Practice for Calibrating Oil Spill Dispersant Appli-cation Equipment Boom and Nozzle SystemsF 1737 Guide for Use of Oil Spill Dispersant Ap
7、plicationEquipment During Spill Response: Boom and NozzleSystemsF 1738 Test Method for Determination of Deposition ofAerially Applied Oil Spill Dispersants3. Equipment Description3.1 General“Single-point” oil spill dispersant spray sys-tems include spray nozzles, some of which may be similar tothose
8、 used in firefighting, that generate a spray pattern directedout from a location on the side of the vessel without the needfor an outrigger boom or spray arm system to support the spraynozzle. The system includes a pumping or pressure system todeliver dispersants to the nozzle(s) or device used to s
9、pray thedispersant out onto the oil slick, and associated piping andcontrol valves. All systems shall include flow meters andpressure gauges to monitor the dispersant discharge. Allsystems shall be equipped with provision for cleaning anddrainage. System components shall be designed to give auniform
10、 droplet spray and volumetric coverage as described inthis guide.NOTE 1Nozzles used in firefighting applications are generally de-signed to direct a large quantity of water or firefighting foam, or both, toa small area or fire hot spot. As such, many standard firefighting nozzlesare not suitable for
11、 effective application of dispersant. Some firefightingnozzles have variable spray pattern adjustment and flow control and thesemay be suitable for dispersant application. Some foam application nozzleshave been designed to generate uniform, volumetric fallout along thelength of their spray pattern a
12、nd these have potential for dispersantapplication. Nozzles specifically designed for use in single-point dispers-ant application systems are also available.3.2 Modes of OperationTypical operational modes couldinclude two nozzles, one mounted on the port deck rail and theother on the starboard deck r
13、ail, both located towards the bowof the vessel. The nozzles are supplied dispersant from either acommon or separate pumps and are plumbed to permit inde-pendent operation and flow control. The nozzles spray dispers-ant out from the side of the vessel perpendicular to thedirection of the vessels move
14、ment and treat oil on each side ofthe vessel in the zone free of the influence of the vessels bowwave as it moves through the slick. This type of operation isonly effective in light winds.3.2.1 In moderate to high wind conditions the vessel wouldtravel in a cross-wind direction, and dispersant would
15、 besprayed downwind, only from the nozzle mounted on thedownwind side of the vessel. If nozzles were mounted on bothsides of the vessels only the downwind of the two nozzles1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct res
16、ponsibility of SubcommitteeF20.13 on Treatment.Current edition approved July 1, 2005. Published August 2005.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the stan
17、dards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.would be used at any given time. Use of the two nozzles wouldalternate when the vessel reverses direction after completing aspray pass. Sm
18、aller single-point spray systems can utilizeportable, “manned” nozzles to permit the operator to direct thespray from the side of the vessel onto oil slicks either while thevessel is moving or stationary. This allows the operator totarget heavier patches of oil with dispersant as required.3.3 Neat v
19、ersus Dilute ApplicationSingle-point spray sys-tems may be used to apply dispersant neat or diluted, depend-ing on the manufacturers usage guidelines and on the slickconditions. Operators should be aware that some dispersantproducts are less effective when applied diluted with seawater.Manufacturers
20、 recommended usage guidelines and indepen-dent research on dispersant effectiveness testing shall beconsulted when considering dilute application.3.4 Operational Advantages:3.4.1 In operational terms, single-point spray systems mayoffer the following advantages over vessel-based applicationsystems:3
21、.4.1.1 No specialized spray booms, spray boom attach-ments, or supports are required, which makes the system easyto install on vessels-of-opportunity.3.4.1.2 Less possibility of damage to the spray equipment inrough sea conditions.3.4.1.3 The spray swath can be considerably wider thanconventional sp
22、ray boom/multi-nozzle systems.3.4.2 Single-point spray systems may offer the followingadvantages over conventional boom and nozzle applicationsystems:3.4.2.1 The single nozzles are easier to maintain than themultiple small orifices used in spray boom systems.3.4.2.2 Higher application rates are poss
23、ible which mayallow one-pass spraying in thick oil conditions.3.4.2.3 The single-point spray nozzle can be used in a“manned” operation and dispersant spray can be directed tothick oil patches in the vicinity of the vessel without the needto precisely position the spray vessel.3.5 Operational Disadva
24、ntagesThe single-point spraysystems may have the following disadvantages as comparedwith conventional boom/multiple nozzle vessel and aircraftapplication systems.3.5.1 The spray pattern from single-nozzle systems may bemore susceptible to wind influences than conventional boom/multiple nozzle system
25、s.3.5.2 May be less able to apply a uniform dose rate ofdispersant.3.5.3 Application of low doses of dispersant for treatment ofthin oil slicks is difficult unless the dispersant is diluted withseawater.3.5.4 The vessel platform has slow transit and applicationspeeds when compared with aircraft appl
26、ication systems (aproblem common to all vessel-based application methods).4. Minimum Equipment Performance Specifications4.1 Target DosageOil spill dispersant spray equipmentshall provide a dispersant dosage of between 20 to 1000 L perhectare (2 to 100 U.S. gal per acre). It is not a requirement tha
27、ta single system cover the entire range. Section 7.2 of thisstandard lists the requirements for dosage and application datato be provided by the manufacturer.4.2 Dispersant Flow or Injection Rate DeterminationThedispersant flow from each single-point nozzle shall be moni-tored using appropriate pres
28、sure and flow meters. The dispers-ant flow rate (for diluted application, the dispersant flow rate isequal to the dispersant injection rate) must be sufficient toproduce the required dosage on the thickness of oil beingencountered4.2.1 Dispersant flow rate (DFR) shall be verified using thefollowing
29、equations:DFR 5 S 3 W 3 D 3 1.67 3 1023(1)where:DFR = dispersant flow rate, L/min,S = speed of the delivery vehicle, km/h,W = swath width, m, andD = dosage, L/ha.Or equivalently in U.S. units:DFR 5 S 3 W 3 D 3 2.33 3 1023(2)where:DFR = dispersant flow rate, U.S. gal/min (USGPM),S = speed of the deli
30、very vehicle, knots,W = swath width, ft, andD = dosage, U.S. gal per acre (USGPA).4.3 Droplet Size DistributionThe droplet size distributionof the dispersant reaching the target shall have a VolumeMedian Diameter (VMD) of between 300 to 800 m. Thevolume median diameter is a means of expressing dropl
31、et sizein terms of the volume of liquid sprayed. The median volumediameter droplet size, when measured in terms of volume, is avalue where 50 % of the total volume of liquid sprayed is madeup of droplets with diameters larger than the median value and50 % smaller than the median value. Droplets havi
32、ng diameterslesser than approximately 300 m have a lower probability ofhitting the target because of excessive wind drift. Particles withdiameters greater than 800 m have a higher probability ofpenetrating through thin and non-viscous oil slicks to the watersurface where their effectiveness is lost.
33、4.3.1 DiscussionThere is a trade-off in effectiveness ver-sus drop size. Larger drop sizes may be desirable from anapplication point-of-view as they have more momentum andcan be more easily broadcast, with control, over a wide area.From an effectiveness point-of-view, larger drops may be lessdesirab
34、le as they can lead to herding of the slick, ineffectivedispersant application, and wasted dispersant. Larger dropsmay also be inefficient on thin slicks, but this is not likely to bea problem for drops smaller (in diameter) than the slickthickness. There are no universally agreed limits for dispers
35、antdrop size; the range stated here is based on the current state ofknowledge and should be revised when experience or experi-mentation permits.4.3.2 Test Method F 1738 provides guidelines for the mea-surement of dispersant drop sizes from aerially applied oil spilldispersants and these guidelines c
36、an be used to measure dropsizes from single-point, vessel-based spray systems. However,F2465052it is adequate to visually assess the characteristics of thedispersant spray droplets as outlined in Guide F 1737.4.3.3 Guide F 1737 states that acceptable dispersant drop-lets shall be “visually larger th
37、an a fog or mist and smaller thanheavy rain” and this description accurately describes a suitablespray in the case of the single-point spray systems. Fogs andmists are made up of drops 100 m and less in diameter. Heavyrain is made up of drops greater than about 1000 m (1 mm).4.4 Maximum Delivery Var
38、iation Over Spray SwathTheequipment shall be capable of delivering dispersant to thewater surface with a maximum delivery variance of 25 % overthe length of the spray pattern. The swath width is defined asthe length between the points at which the delivery dropsbelow 90 % of the design fallout. Depo
39、sition characteristics ofsingle-point nozzle systems can be determined using themethods outlined in Test Method F 1738. If this method is usedthe spray system would be moved parallel along the up-windside of the spray collection zone, with the spray nozzle orientedperpendicular to the direction of t
40、ravel and pointed down-wind,so the spray falls out over the collection area similar to thespray from an aerial application. Tests shall be completed incalm or light down-wind conditions.NOTE 2It may be more pratical and economical to determine thedispersant delivery variation along the swath width i
41、n a stationary test.Presently, the applicable test method (F 1738) does not specifically allowfor this, but it may be possible to modify the procedure in Test MethodF 1738 to produce an acceptable test. If this is contemplated, several testissues must be resolved, including: start and end conditions
42、, establishmentof steady-state conditions, and measurement of swath width.5. Safety5.1 GeneralSafety issues concerning the storage andhandling of oil spill dispersants, Material Safety Data Sheets(MSDS) information, and personnel safety on vessels whileusing dispersants and dispersant application eq
43、uipment arediscussed in Guide F 1737.6. Material Characteristics6.1 Corrosion ResistanceMaterials used in the spray sys-tem shall be corrosion-resistant to salt water. All materials thatcome into contact with dispersants shall be compatible withthat dispersant. Special attention shall be given to pu
44、mpcomponents. Consultation with the dispersant manufacturer isrecommended.6.2 Extreme Temperature PropertiesSystems to be usedor stored at extreme temperatures shall be constructed ofmaterials that are not adversely affected by those temperatures.Temperature range specifications shall be clearly ind
45、icated onthe spray equipment.7. Information to be Provided to User7.1 Performance data shall be provided to the user by themanufacturer, and shall include:7.1.1 Estimated or measured droplet size information(VMD in m),7.1.2 Volumetric output distribution over the swath width(%),7.1.3 A table of pump
46、 rates and dispersant injection ratesranging from the recommended minimum to the recommendedmaximum,7.1.4 Nozzle design height,7.1.5 The nozzle discharge angle from horizontal for opti-mum spray swath at selected pump rate,7.1.6 Swath width,7.1.7 Recommended operating pressures at the inlet to theno
47、zzle, and7.1.8 Dose variation versus ship roll.7.2 Dilute versus Neat ApplicationThe manufacturer shallspecify whether the system is intended for neat or diluteapplication, or both, and shall specify the operating parametersfor neat and dilute application if both are applicable to thesystem.7.3 Dosa
48、ge ChartThe manufacturer shall supply the userwith a chart of dosages achievable with different vessel speedsand different dispersant flow or injection rates (if diluteapplication is considered), and dosages in a 90-degree (hori-zontal) arc if operating in a stationary position.7.4 Accuracy of DataT
49、he data referenced in 7.1 and 7.3shall be accurate to two significant digits.7.5 Materials of ConstructionThe supplier shall providethe user with a list of materials of construction.7.6 Nozzles and Pumps:7.6.1 The supplier shall provide full data on the manufac-turer, model numbers, and dimensions of nozzles supplied withthe spray equipment.7.6.2 The supplier shall provide full data on the manufac-turer, model number, and basic maintenance and operationaldata on all major components of the spray equipment includingpumps, eductors, flow meters, and engines.7.7
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