1、Designation: F 2479 07An American National StandardStandard Guide forSpecification, Purchase, Installation and Maintenance ofPoured-In-Place Playground Surfacing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2479; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、 adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers information with regard to the design,manufactur
3、e, installation, and maintenance of poured-in-placeplayground surfaces.NOTE 1This document is a guide and not intended to be used as aspecification; it should be used for educational purposes.1.2 This guide outlines the issues of compliance withexisting standards, durability, and functional longevit
4、y.1.3 This guide reviews issues such as edge treatment,abutting surfaces, and combinations with other surfaces de-signed for circulation or protective surfaces.1.4 This guide presents maintenance considerations andgeneral procedures that should be followed by the owner/operator.1.5 This guide outlin
5、es aging considerations such as loss ofimpact absorption, cracking, shrinkage, heaving, and how toprevent, accommodate, or rectify those issues.1.6 This guide presents warranty considerations.1.7 This guide does not imply that an injury cannot beincurred when the surface system is compliant with the
6、standards referred to in this guide.1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all
7、 of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 1292 Specification
8、for Impact Attenuation of SurfacingMaterials Within the Use Zone of Playground EquipmentF 1951 Specification for Determination of Accessibility ofSurface Systems Under and Around Playground Equip-ment2.2 CSA Standard:3CSA Z614 Childrens Playspaces and Equipment3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 ali
9、phatic prepolymerprepolymer which does notcontain any 1,3,5-cyclohexatrien group.3.1.1.1 DiscussionGenerally highly color stable whenexposed to UV radiation, no yellowing.3.1.2 ambient grindingprocess that takes raw rubberproducts and processes it to rubber crumb, chips, buffings, andso forth that i
10、s at the temperature generated by the grindingequipment or in the location of production.3.1.3 aromatic prepolymerhydrocarbons that are madefrom only hydrogen and carbon and contain a prepolymerwhich contains one or more 1,3,5-cyclohexatriene group.3.1.3.1 DiscussionAromatic prepolymer are generally
11、susceptible to change when exposed to UV and moisture.These changes can be seen as a yellowish shading or “amber-ing” of the top surface, especially when encapsulating rubbercrumb that is grey, light blue, blue, eggshell, teal, and so forth.3.1.4 asphalt, adjacentbituminous bound material that isuse
12、d as a curb or walkway and comes into contact with thepoured-in-place surface.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThe materials and compaction shallconform to local engineering practices and have a mechanicalcompaction of no less than 98 % standard proctor density. Theedge of the asphalt at the junction with the pour
13、ed-in-placesurface shall be vertical to 30 from horizontal. Considerationshould be given to the use of an appropriate primer asrecommended by the manufacturer to ensure adhesion of thepoured-in-place surface to the asphalt.3.1.5 asphalt, basehard, bituminous bound surface that isunder the poured-in-
14、place surface.3.1.5.1 DiscussionNew asphalt should cure at least 14days, have no residual surface oils, and be pressure washed or1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.63 onPlayground Surfacin
15、g Systems.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2007. Published February 2007.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe A
16、STM website.3Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 5060 Spectrum Way,Mississauga, ON L4W 5N6, Canada, http:/www.csa.ca.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.have at least two thorough rainfalls prior to recei
17、ving poured-in-place surface. When the surface is flooded with as much as0.2 in. (5.1 mm) of water, there should be no evidence(rainbow effect) of oils on the surface of the water. A properlyprepared asphalt base will be able to effectively remove anywater which penetrates the poured-in-place surfac
18、e. This maybe accomplished by sloping the asphalt, installing drainage, orusing porous asphalt.3.1.6 concrete, baseconcrete surface that is under thepoured-in-place surface.3.1.6.1 DiscussionThe concrete base should be 4 in. (100mm) minimum thickness. All new concrete slabs should curefor a minimum
19、of seven days prior to receiving poured-in-placesurface. Concrete base should have a medium broom finish. Aproperly prepared concrete base will be able to effectivelyremove any water which penetrates the poured-in-place sur-face. This may be accomplished by sloping the concrete,installing drainage,
20、or using a porous concrete.3.1.7 concrete, adjacentconcrete material that is used as acurb or walkway and comes into contact with the poured-in-place surface3.1.7.1 DiscussionThe materials and compaction shallconform to local engineering practices and have a moisturecontent less than 5 % at the time
21、 the poured-in-place surface isinstalled. The edge of the concrete at the junction with thepoured-in-place surface shall be vertical. Consideration shouldbe given to the use of an appropriate primer as recommendedby the manufacturer to ensure adhesion of the poured-in-placesurface to the concrete. O
22、ther strategies to avoid sinking of thefinal poured-in-place surface would be to provide a “key” or“step” in the vertical face of the concrete to support thepoured-in-place surface.3.1.8 cryogenic grindingprocess that takes a raw rubberproduct and processes it to rubber crumb, chips, and so forth,a
23、process that freezes the raw product and the frozen product isground to the specification.3.1.9 gravel, base mixture of crushed stone, sand, or boththat is compacted to not less than 95 % standard proctordensity.3.1.9.1 DiscussionA geotextile may be required betweenthe granular base and poured-in-pl
24、ace surface to ensure that theparticles of the granular base do not contaminate the poured-in-place surface. If fine particles from the base migrate into thepoured-in-place system the void content of the system isreduced and the ability to attenuate force is reduced.3.1.10 drainage, sub-surfaceprovi
25、sion of a method ofremoving water below the poured-in-place surface.3.1.10.1 DiscussionThis can be achieved by sloping thesub-base material where it has a high clay content, usingdrainage channels or pipes, installing a granular drainage layerfor percolation.3.1.11 drainage, surfacesloping of the su
26、rface to allowwater to travel across the surface to a drain.3.1.11.1 DiscussionThe porosity of the poured-in-placesurface allows water to pass through more quickly than acrossit unless it is fully saturated.3.1.12 EPDM rubber productproduct comprised of or-ganic and inorganic materials with a minimu
27、m of 20 % and amaximum of 26 % of ethylene propylene-diene-saturated poly-methylene main chain along with other organic and inorganiccomponents. The rubber can be either peroxide or sulphurcured.3.1.13 functional longevityability of the poured in placesurface to continue to comply with relevant ASTM
28、 standardsand not require replacement.3.1.13.1 DiscussionThere are circumstances where thepoured-in-place surface is physically in place however becauseof failures with regard to the stated performance criteria, thesurface needs to be replaced. The functional longevity can bestated in years or by co
29、mparison to the functional life of theplay structure as stated in writing by the play structuremanufacturer.3.1.14 gravel, drainage layeropen course of granularmaterial that is installed as a layer or in channels to promoteremoval of water from a location.3.1.14.1 DiscussionThe layer should have a s
30、lope thatpromotes the removal of water.3.1.15 humidity/moisture effectschanges in the poured-in-place system caused by fluctuations in absolute humidity orexposure to moisture during the storage of materials, installa-tion, and cure.3.1.15.1 DiscussionPolyurethane binders are reactive tomoisture in
31、varying degrees, depending upon formulation. Allone-component polyurethane binders will require some degreeof moisture to affect a cure of the product. Dramatic changes inmoisture or absolute humidity can cause variable finishes in thesurface if they are not accounted for. During installation, somep
32、oured-in-place surfaces require dry conditions, while otherscan be installed during a light rain and others can have waterapplied directly to the surface. Exposure to water may causethe binder to foam and which may reduce the effectiveness ofthe bond. Moisture in the rubber that is mixed with the bi
33、ndermay also have an effect on the outcome of the project if notaccounted for. One strategy to eliminate this problem is to havethe rubber stored in a dry place and if this is not possible, therubber should be covered with tarps or other methods em-ployed to prevent moisture from entering the materi
34、als.3.1.16 lacquerspolyurethane-based product that containssolvents applied as a top coat in a spray or roller application.3.1.16.1 DiscussionThis product is used to provide colorthrough the addition of a pigment, protection, or both fromexposure to ultraviolet light.3.1.17 latex binderspolymer bind
35、er that is water-basedthat has thermoplastic properties.3.1.17.1 DiscussionGenerally, the flexibility performanceis within a narrow range of temperature. Latex has also beenassociated with allergic reactions once it has cured. There is aconcern for children with exposed skin coming into contactwith
36、this binder, as well persons with disabilities who have apropensity to allergic reactions to latex.3.1.18 polymer binderssynthetic binders used in themanufacture of the poured-in-place surface that coat theindividual rubber chips, crumb, or buffings.3.1.18.1 DiscussionThese binders are to provide fl
37、exibil-ity to allow the rubber particles to move in relation to oneanother and have the strength to stop the bond from breakingF2479072at maximum elongation. These binders are man-made frompetrochemicals and some of these demonstrate flexibility at arange of temperatures that children are expecting
38、to use theplayground and specifically to allow compliance with Specifi-cation F 1292. Polymer binders with a glass transition tempera-ture above 22F (30C) and with high sensitivity to damageby submersion in water are to be avoided.3.1.19 polyurethanepolymer binder that demonstratesflexibility and st
39、rength over a wide range of temperatures.3.1.19.1 DiscussionPolyurethane is manufactured in bothone-component (moisture cured) and two-component (mixingpart A and part B in a specified ratio). Binders used inpoured-in-place surfaces are almost always of the one-component type. Certain polyurethane b
40、inders can be damagedthrough exposure to ultraviolet light and immersion in water.UV-resistant polyurethane lacquers may be applied to thesurface following installation of the poured-in-place surface.These lacquers are typically two-component. Once cured,polyurethane produces no known allergic react
41、ions.3.1.20 recycled black EPDM rubbercrumb manufacturedthrough ambient or cryogenic grinding or crushing of postindustrial scrap, containing a mixture of types of rubberincluding EPDM rubber product and varying in size. Thisrubber must have a minimum of 4 % actual EPDM content.3.1.20.1 DiscussionTh
42、e actual percentage of EPDM con-tent will be significantly less than new EPDM rubber productdue to the inclusion of other industrial scrap rubber that issourced in the recycling process.3.1.21 recycled post consumer or industrial rubberrubber crumb that is the result of granulating in an ambientor c
43、ryogenic process from a variety of scrap rubber producedas a part of an industrial process or at the end of an industrialor consumer good made of rubber.3.1.21.1 DiscussionThis is manufactured into rubbercrumb as the feedstock and is often of limited dimension. Thevariety of rubber can be very large
44、 in that this can include anywaste rubber from a manufacturing process or post consumeruse.3.1.22 recycled tire rubberrubber crumb, chips, or buff-ings made from post manufacturing of tires or post consumertires.3.1.22.1 DiscussionThis rubber can vary in its content asa result of the type of tire (a
45、utomobile, truck, off road, and soforth) that is ground.3.1.23 release agentsmaterials that prevent the bondingof the polyurethane to other surfaces.3.1.23.1 DiscussionThese can be waxes, silicone, or pe-troleum jelly.3.1.24 rubber buffngsstrands of rubber that are productshavings of rubber feedstoc
46、k, typically tires, ranging in sizefrom 0.079 to 0.87 in. (2 to 20 mm) in length and 0.039 to0.157 in. (1 to 4 mm) in width.3.1.25 rubber chipsparticles of rubber that have beenproduced by ambient or cryogenic grinding of rubber feedstockto a size of 0.197 to 0.59 in. (5 to 15 mm).3.1.26 rubber crum
47、bparticles of rubber that have beenproduced by ambient or cryogenic grinding of rubber feedstockto a size of between 0.02 and 0.197 in. (0. 5 and 5 mm).3.1.26.1 DiscussionRubber crumb shall contain less than2 % rubber dust, fine rubber passing a 0.85 mm screen, as thiscan consume binder and affect t
48、he performance and longevityof the surface. The supplier of the rubber crumb shall be ableto supply a sieve curve analysis that stipulates the componentsand their percentages to the poured-in-place supplier.3.1.27 SBR rubberstyrene butadiene rubber or a rubbercompound consisting mainly of styrene bu
49、tadiene rubber suchas tire rubber.3.1.27.1 DiscussionThis rubber is generally a major com-ponent of the tire manufacturing processes.3.1.28 screedstraight-edged device that is used to providean even thickness of material.3.1.28.1 DiscussionScreed is generally used to ensure theevenness and thickness of the lower layer of the poured-in-place system.3.1.29 solventshydrocarbons and other chemical sub-stances which are normally non-reactive to polyurethanes andcan wash off or dilute polymer binders. Cured binders might beswollen b
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