1、Designation: F2489 06 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Guide forInstrument and Precision Bearing LubricantsPart 2Greases1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2489; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide is a tool to aid in the choice of lubricatinggrease for precision rolling element bearing applications. T
3、herecommendations in this guide are not intended for generalpurpose bearing applications There are two areas where thisguide should have the greatest impact: (1) when lubricatinggrease is being chosen for a new bearing application and (2)when grease for a bearing has to be replaced because theorigin
4、al grease specified for the bearing can no longer beobtained. The Report (see Section 5) contains a series of testson a wide variety of greases commonly used in bearingapplications to allow comparisons of those properties of thegrease that the committee thought to be most important whenmaking a choi
5、ce of lubricating grease. Each test was performedby the same laboratory. This guide contains a listing of theproperties of greases by base oil type, that is, ester, perfluo-ropolyether (PFPE), polyalphaolefin (PAO), and so forth. Thisorganization is necessary since the operational requirements ina p
6、articular bearing application may limit the choice of greaseto a particular base oil type and thickener due to its temperaturestability, viscosity index or temperature-vapor pressurecharacteristics, etc. The guide provides data to assist the user inselecting replacement greases for those greases tes
7、ted that areno longer available. The guide also includes a glossary of termsused in describing/discussing the lubrication of precision andinstrument bearings.1.2 The lubricating greases presented in this guide arecommonly used in precision rolling element bearings (PREB).These greases were selected
8、for the testing based on the greasesurvey obtained from DoD, OEM and grease manufactures andevaluated according to the test protocol that was designed bySubcommittee F34 on Tribology. This test protocol covers theessential requirements identified for precision bearing greases.The performance require
9、ments of these greases are veryunique. They are dictated by the performance expectations ofprecision bearings including high speed, low noise, extendedlife, and no contamination of surrounding components by thebearings lubricant system. To increase the reliability of testdata, all tests were perform
10、ed by a DoD laboratory and threeindependent testing laboratories. There were no grease manu-facturers data imported except for base oil viscosity. Most oftests were performed by U.S. Army TankAutomotiveResearch, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC)and three independent laboratories, and the r
11、esults were moni-tored by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). This continu-ity of testing should form a solid basis for comparing theproperties of the multitude of lubricating greases tested byavoiding some of the variability introduced when greases aretested by different laboratories using differe
12、nt or even the“same” procedures. Additional test data will be considered forinclusion, provided the defined protocol is followed and thetests are performed by independent laboratories.1.3 This study was a part of DoD Aging Aircraft Replace-ment Program and supported by Defense Logistic Agent(DLA) an
13、d Defense Supply Center Richmond (DSCR).21.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibili
14、ty of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of LubricatingGreaseD972 Test Method for Evaporation Loss of
15、 LubricatingGreases and Oils1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F34 on RollingElement BearingsCurrent edition approved Sept. 15, 2013. Published January 2014. Originallyapproved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F248906. DOI:10.1520/F2489-06R13.2Rhee, In-Sik, “Pr
16、ecision Bearing Grease Selection Guide,” U.S. Army TARDECTechnical Report No. 15688, Defense Technical Information Center, 8725 John. J.Kingman Rd., Suite 0944, Ft. Belvoir, VA 220606218.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at servicea
17、stm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D1264 Test Method for Determining the Water WashoutCharacter
18、istics of Lubricating GreasesD1742 Test Method for Oil Separation from LubricatingGrease During StorageD1743 Test Method for Determining Corrosion PreventiveProperties of Lubricating GreasesD1831 Test Method for Roll Stability of Lubricating GreaseD2265 Test Method for Dropping Point of LubricatingG
19、rease Over Wide Temperature RangeD2266 Test Method for Wear Preventive Characteristics ofLubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method)D2596 Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-PressureProperties of Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method)D3527 Test Method for Life Performance of AutomotiveWheel Bearing Grea
20、seD4048 Test Method for Detection of Copper Corrosion fromLubricating GreaseD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and LubricantsD4289 Test Method for Elastomer Compatibility of Lubri-cating Greases and FluidsD4425 Test Method for Oil Separation from LubricatingGrease by Centrif
21、uging (Koppers Method)D4693 Test Method for Low-Temperature Torque of Grease-Lubricated Wheel BearingsD5483 Test Method for Oxidation Induction Time of Lubri-cating Greases by Pressure Differential Scanning Calorim-etryE1131 Test Method for Compositional Analysis by Thermo-gravimetryF2161 Guide for
22、Instrument and Precision BearingLubricantsPart 1 OilsF2488 Terminology for Rolling Element Bearings2.2 Government Documents:4Federal Standard Test Method 791C, 3005.4 Dirt Content ofGreaseMIL-G-25537 Aircraft Helicopter Bearing GreaseMIL-PRF-23827 Aircraft and instrument GreaseMIL-PRF-81322 Aircraft
23、 Wide Temperature Range GreaseMIL-PRF-83261 Aircraft Extreme PressureMIL-PRF-10924 Grease, Automotive and ArtilleryMIL-G-27617 Grease, Aircraft and Instrument, Fuel andOxidizer ResistantMIL-G-21164 Molybdenum Disulfide GreaseMIL-G-25760 Grease, Aircraft, Ball and Roller Bearing,Wide Temperature Rang
24、eMIL-L-15719 High Temperature Electrical Bearing GreaseDoD-G-24508 Multipurpose Grease2.3 Industrial Standards:SKF Be-Quite Noise Test Method5TA Rheometry Procedure for Steady Shear Flow Curve6Wet Shell Roll Test Method72.4 SAE Standard:8SAE-AMS-G-81937 Grease, Instrument, Ultra-Clean, Met-ric3. Ter
25、minology3.1 For definition of standard terms used in this guide, seeTerminology D4175 and F2488 or Compilation of ASTMStandard Definitions.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 esters, nesters are formed from the reaction of acidsand alcohols. Esters form a class of synthetic lubr
26、icants. Estersof higher alcohols with divalent fatty acids form diesterlubricants while esters of polyhydric alcohols are called thepolyol ester lubricants. These latter esters have higher viscosityand are more heat-resistant than diesters.3.2.2 mineral oil, noils based on petroleum stocks. Theseoil
27、s come in two types, naphthenic and paraffinic. The naph-thenic oils contain unsaturated hydrocarbons, usually in theform of aromatic species. The paraffinic oils are primarilysaturated hydrocarbons with only low levels of unsaturation.3.2.3 perfluoropolyethers (PFPE or PFAE), nfully fluo-rinated lo
28、ng-chain aliphatic ethers. The perfluoropolyethersshow some extraordinary properties like chemical inertness,nonflammability, high thermal and oxidative resistance, verygood viscosity-temperature characteristics, and compatibilitywith a wide range of materials, including metals and plastics.The perf
29、luoropolyethers, however, are not always suitable formetal alloys at elevated temperatures (contact temperatureshigher than about 550F). The perfluoropolyethers are notmiscible with other types of synthetic fluids and mineral oilsand cannot dissolve common lubricant additives.3.2.4 silicone oils, ns
30、ynthetic fluids composed of organicesters of long chain complex silicic acids. Silicone oils havebetter physical properties than mineral oils. However, siliconeoils have poorer lubrication properties, lower load-carryingcapacity, and a strong tendency to spread on surfaces (seesurface tension).3.2.5
31、 synthetic fluids, nlubricating fluids produced bychemical synthesis. The synthetic route to formulate theselubricants allows the manufacturer to introduce those chemicalstructures into the lubricant molecule that will impart specificproperties into the resultant fluid such as very low pour point,go
32、od viscosity-temperature relationship, low evaporation loss,long lubricating lifetime, and so forth.3.2.6 lubricating grease, na semi-fluid to solid product ofa dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant.4. Significance and Use4.1 The purpose of this guide is to report on the testing of,to disc
33、uss and compare the properties of, and to provideguidelines for the choice of lubricating greases for precision4Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-50985Available from SKF North American Technical Center, 46815 Port
34、 St.,Plymouth, MI 48170.6Available from TA Instruments Company, 109 Lukens Drive, New Castle, DE19720-2765.7Available from Southwest Petro-Chem Division, Witco Corp., P.O. Box 1974,Olathe, KS 66061.8Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.
35、F2489 06 (2013)2rolling element bearings (PREB). The PREB are, for thepurposes of this guide, meant to include bearings of AnnularBearing Engineers Committee (ABEC) 5 quality and above.This guide limits its scope to lubricating greases used in PREB.4.2 The number of lubricating greases used in PREB
36、in-creased dramatically from the early 1940s to the mid 1990s. Inthe beginning of this period, petroleum products were the onlywidely available base stocks. Later, synthetic base oils becameavailable. They included synthetic hydrocarbons, esters,silicones, multiply alkylated cyclopentanes (MAC) and
37、fluori-nated materials, including perfluorinated ethers and the fluo-rosilicones. This broad spectrum of lubricant choices has led tothe use of a large number of different lubricants in PREBapplications. The U.S. Department of Defense, as a user ofmany PREB, has seen a significant increase in the lo
38、gisticseffort required to support the procurement and distribution ofthese items. In addition, as time has passed, some of thegreases used in certain PREB are no longer available or requireimproved performances due to advanced bearing technology/requirements. This implies that replacement lubricatin
39、g greasesmust be found, especially in this era of extending the lifetimeof DoD assets, with the consequent and unprojected demandfor sources of replacement parts.4.3 One of the primary goals of this study was to take abroad spectrum of the lubricating greases used in PREB and doa comprehensive serie
40、s of tests on them in order that theirproperties could be compared and, if necessary, potentialreplacement greases be identified. This study is also meant tobe a design guide for choosing lubricating greases for futurePREB applications. This guide represents a collective effort ofmany members of thi
41、s community who span the spectrum frombearing manufacturers, original equipment manufactures(OEMs), grease manufacturers and suppliers, procurementspecialists, and quality assurance representatives (QARs) fromDoD and end users both inside and outside DoD.4.4 It is strongly recommend that, prior to r
42、eplacing a greasein a PREB, all of the existing grease should be removed fromthe bearing. Reactions may occur between incompatiblegreases resulting in severely degraded performance. Whenusers have more than one type of grease in service, mainte-nance practices must be in place to avoid accidental mi
43、xing ofgreases. In addition, all fluids used specifically to prolongstorage life of PREBs (preservatives) should be removed priorto lubricating the bearings. Reactions may occur which woulddegrade the grease.4.5 The base oils, thickeners, and additives dictates greaseperformances. The properties of
44、many base oils can be found inthe previous study (Guide F2161). This study included adiscussion of elastohydrodynamic lubrication theory.5. Report5.1 The test results are summarized in Tables 13. Table 1presents the classification of base oils, thickener types, andmilitary specification products eva
45、luated in this program. Table2 lists the test protocol for this study and covers the testmethods, their test conditions, and the testing laboratories.Table 3 (A-C) provides the test results of the 38 precisionbearing greases tested. Each grease tested was assigned a codeto mask their source to mitig
46、ate any potential bias in the testingresults. The tradename of each grease is listed in ResearchReport RR:F34-1000.9For the evaluation, each grease wastested for dropping point, consistency, water and work stability,oxidation stability, oil separation, evaporation loss, wear, EPproperties, corrosion
47、 prevention, low temperaturecharacteristics, cleanliness, apparent viscosity, grease noise,and grease life. Compatibility testing with elastomers incorpo-rated into PREB and their environments were not done due tothe large number of combinations that would require testing tospan the potential mixes
48、of greases and elastomer componentsthat might occur in bearing applications. It is recommendedthat the user verify grease/elastomer compatibility whenneeded.5.2 In these tables, some of the data may not agree withthose of manufacturers due to the variation of the test methodsand their test apparatus
49、es (that is, noise test). All tests wereperformed by a government laboratory and three independentlaboratories. No grease manufacturers performed any of thesetests except for the base oil viscosities of greases. To increasethe availability of precision bearing greases, these tables willbe revised periodically to include new greases as long as themanufacturer submits test results on their product followingprecisely the protocol defined in the document.6. Application Considerations6.1 This guide applies only to precision bearing greases.The other types of greases such as
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