1、Designation: F2506 101Standard Specification forDesign and Testing of Fixed-Pitch or Ground AdjustableLight Sport Aircraft Propellers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2506; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTETable 1 and 6.5.1 editorially corrected in June 2013.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the establis
3、hment of the mini-mum requirements for the design, testing, and quality assur-ance of fixed-pitch or ground adjustable propellers for lightsport aircraft. These propellers are used on light aircraft, andcould be used with engines conforming to Practice F2339.1.2 This specification is intended for us
4、e by manufacturersof propellers for light sport aircraft.1.3 This specification does not address the airframe instal-lation requirements for propellers.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of thi
5、s standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and to determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F2339 Practice for Design and Manufacture of Reciprocat-ing Spark Ignition Engines for Light Sport Aircraft3. Terminolo
6、gy3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 blade, nthe aerodynamic portion of a propellerwhich is rotated through and acts on the air.3.1.2 blade root, nthe portion of the blade that interfaceswith the hub and provides retention.3.1.3 conventional fixed pitch propeller, na one-piecefixed pitch propeller that is constr
7、ucted of material such aswood or metal that has no abrupt changes in material propertiesas the blades transition through the hub area.3.1.3.1 DiscussionA propeller with wooden bladesbonded to a metallic hub would not be conventional.3.1.4 fixed pitch propeller, na propeller with no capacityfor pitch
8、 setting adjustment.3.1.5 ground adjustable propeller, na propeller whosepitch setting is adjustable only when the aircraft is on theground and the propeller is not rotating.3.1.6 hub, nany device that retains the blades of a propel-ler assembly.3.1.7 pitch setting, nthe propeller blade setting as d
9、eter-mined by the blade angle measured in a manner, and at aradius, specified by the instruction manual for the propeller.3.1.8 propeller, na device for propelling an aircraft thathas blades on an engine-driven shaft and that, when rotated,produces by its action on the air, a thrust approximatelyper
10、pendicular to its plane of rotation.4. General4.1 Each manufacturer who claims compliance to this speci-fication must be able to show compliance with the applicablerequirements of this specification.4.2 Manufacturers must prepare and make available a list ofacceptable engine-propeller combinations.4
11、.3 Manufacturers must prepare and make available anoperating manual or manuals containing, at minimum, thefollowing information:4.3.1 An overall description of the propeller and its features.4.3.2 The mass moment of inertia of the propeller about itsrotational axis.4.3.3 Instructions for installatio
12、n of the propeller.4.3.4 Instructions for operation of the propeller.4.3.5 The maximum allowable engine power and rotationalspeed and any other propeller operating limitations foundnecessary by the manufacturer for the safe operation of thepropeller.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of A
13、STM Committee F37 on LightSport Aircraft and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F37.70 on CrossCutting.Current edition approved May 15, 2010. Published June 2010. Originallyapproved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as F2506 07. DOI:10.1520/F2506-10E01.2For referenced ASTM st
14、andards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,
15、 PA 19428-2959. United States14.3.6 For ground adjustable propellers, instructions for pitchadjustment and the minimum and maximum pitch settingsallowed during operation.4.3.7 Instructions for removal of the propeller.4.4 Each manufacturer must prepare and make available amaintenance manual. The mai
16、ntenance manual is intended toprovide for continued safe and proper operation of the propel-ler throughout its life cycle and contains, at minimum, thefollowing content:4.4.1 A maintenance schedule that provides the recom-mended periods at which the propeller should be cleaned,adjusted, inspected, a
17、nd tested.4.4.2 The applicable damage and wear allowances.4.4.3 Any applicable maintenance and overhaulinstructions, which include the following:4.4.3.1 A list of tools needed.4.4.3.2 Skills or training required for personnel performingthe work.4.4.3.3 Inspections required.4.4.3.4 Details of repair
18、and overhaul sequence and meth-ods.4.4.3.5 Applicable testing requirements.4.4.4 If a manufacturer deems it necessary to set mandatoryreplacement intervals of propellers or propeller components,the details of this requirement shall be stated in a separate,clearly distinguishable section entitled Lif
19、e Limitations.5. Design and Construction5.1 Design FeaturesThe propeller may not have designfeatures that have been shown to be hazardous or unreliableunless the suitability of each questionable design detail or partcan be established by tests.5.2 MaterialsThe suitability and durability of materials
20、used in the propeller must:5.2.1 be established on the basis of in-service experience ortests; and5.2.2 conform to documented specifications that ensure thatstrength and other material properties consistently meet orexceed those used in the initial design and qualification testing.5.3 DurabilityEach
21、 part of the propeller must be designedand constructed with consideration of likely in-service damageand wear. The propeller must be able to operate normallybetween inspection and overhaul periods at the maximumdamage and wear limits published in the maintenance manual.5.4 Ground-Adjustable Propelle
22、rsThe adjustment systemof a ground-adjustable propeller must be designed such that nosingle failure or malfunction in that system during normal oremergency operation will result in unacceptable changes inpropeller blade pitch setting. Failure of structural elementsneed not be considered if the occur
23、rence of such a failure isexpected to be extremely remote.5.5 Propeller Strength and EndurancePropellers must beshown to have satisfactory endurance as well as stresses that donot exceed values shown to be safe for continuous operation inaccordance with the applicable requirements of Section 6, Test
24、sand Inspections.6. Tests and Inspections6.1 General:6.1.1 Each manufacturer must be able to show that thepropeller concerned can complete the applicable tests andinspections of this section without evidence of failure ormalfunction.6.1.2 The minimum applicable testing and inspection re-quirements a
25、re outlined in Table 1 according to propellermaterial type.6.2 Strength Testing:6.2.1 Proof of strength must be shown for all propellersexcept conventional fixed pitch propellers.6.2.2 On all other propellers, the blade root and bladeretention system must be tested for1hataload level equal totwo tim
26、es the centrifugal load that would be generated by theblade weight at maximum rated rotational speed. This may bedone by either a whirl test or a static pull test. The required pullload for each blade must be carried by at least the inner 20 %of its span.6.3 Stress Measurement, Fatigue Strength, and
27、 FatigueAnalysisVibration testing may be performed to allow re-duced endurance test hours. This section does not apply toconventional fixed pitch wooden propellers.6.3.1 The magnitude of the propeller vibration stresses,including any stress peaks and resonant conditions, throughoutthe operational en
28、velope of the propeller shall be determined:6.3.1.1 By direct measurement of stresses on a vibrationallyrepresentative engine, or6.3.1.2 Comparison of the propeller to similar propellersinstalled on similar airplane installations for which thesemeasurements have been made.6.3.2 Through testing or an
29、alysis, the fatigue allowable forroot, mid-blade and tip regions of the propeller blade shall bedetermined. This testing shall also account for normal in-service damage and wear.6.3.3 Using the measured stresses and root, mid-blade, andtip fatigue allowables, a fatigue assessment shall be conductedt
30、o show that failure of the propeller will not occur between thedeclared propeller inspection intervals when using the declaredinspection techniques.6.4 Endurance TestingThe propeller shall undergo anendurance test on the intended engine or a vibrationallyrepresentative engine that is capable of prov
31、iding the maxi-mum rated power at the maximum rated propeller rotationalspeed and diameter. The propeller pitch may be adjusted asnecessary to achieve maximum rated takeoff power at maxi-mum rated takeoff RPM. Propeller pitch need not be readjustedfor the remainder of the test unless necessary to av
32、oid declaredTABLE 1 Applicable Section 6 Paragraphs for Testing andInspection RequirementsPropellerBlade MaterialTypeStrengthTestingFatigue(Vibration)TestingEnduranceTestingInspection/MaintenanceWood 6.2 6.3 optional 6.4 6.5 and 6.6Composite 6.2 6.3 optional 6.4 6.5 and 6.6Metal 6.2 6.3 required 6.4
33、.1 or 6.4.3 6.5 and 6.6F2506 1012operational speed placards. During the test, it is acceptable tostop the test as needed, but the test should be restarted andcontinued from the point in the test schedule where it wasstopped. The entire endurance test shall be completed by asingle propeller and hardw
34、are.All propellers must be subjectedto one of the following tests:6.4.1 Conventional fixed pitch wooden propellers or propel-lers with a vibration stress survey must be subjected to one ofthe following tests:6.4.1.1 A 50-h flight test in level flight or in climb. At least5 h of this flight must be w
35、ith the propeller operated at the ratedrotational speed, and the remainder of the 50 h must be with thepropeller operated at not less than 90 % of the rated rotationalspeed.6.4.1.2 A 50-h ground test on an engine at the power andpropeller rotational speed for which a rating is sought.6.4.2 Propeller
36、s without a vibration stress survey must besubjected to one of the following tests:6.4.2.1 The endurance test shall be conducted according tothe schedule, and in the order, shown in Fig. 1.6.4.2.2 Compliance with 6.4.2.1 may be accomplished byproviding documented service experience for the duration,
37、power and speeds for the conditions shown in Fig. 1. The 10-hsegment at maximum declared takeoff power and rpm shall bethe final segment of testing after all other power and speedsegments are completed.6.4.3 An analysis based on tests of propellers of similardesign may be used in place of the tests
38、6.4.1 and 6.4.2.6.5 Teardown Inspection:6.5.1 After completion of each test prescribed in Section 6of this specification, the propeller must be completely disas-sembled and a detailed inspection must be made of thepropeller parts for cracks, wear, distortion, and any otherunusual conditions.6.5.2 An
39、y unsatisfactory findings during the teardown in-spection must be resolved through design changes and addi-tional testing as necessary to establish the compliance of thepropeller to this specification.6.6 Propeller Adjustments and Parts ReplacementsThemanufacturer may service and make repairs to the
40、 propellerduring the tests. Any service or repairs completed must beallowed by the maintenance manual. If repairs or replacementof parts that are beyond the scope of the maintenance manualare found necessary during the tests or in the teardowninspection, the parts in question must be subjected to ad
41、ditionaltesting or design changes, or both, as necessary to establish thecompliance of the propeller to this specification.7. Identification Marking7.1 Each manufacturer of a propeller, propeller blade, orpropeller hub shall identify each by means of a plate, stamping,engraving, etching, or other me
42、thod of permanent identifica-tion.7.2 The identification shall be placed on a non-criticalsurface that will not likely be defaced or removed duringnormal service or lost or destroyed in an accident.7.3 The identification marking(s) shall contain the followinginformation. Propeller diameter, pitch (f
43、or fixed-pitchpropellers), and manufacturers identification must be obviousfrom the marking(s). The other required information can beencoded or abbreviated as necessary to limit the space requiredfor the marking(s):7.3.1 Manufacturers identification.7.3.2 Propeller model designation.7.3.3 Propeller
44、serial number.7.3.4 Part number (or equivalent).7.3.5 Propeller diameter.FIG. 1 Propeller Endurance Test ScheduleF2506 10137.3.6 Propeller pitch (for fixed-pitch propellers).8. Design Control8.1 The design of a propeller consists of at least thefollowing:8.1.1 The drawings and specifications, and a
45、listing of thosedrawings and specifications necessary to define the configura-tion and the design features of the propeller shown to complywith this specification.8.1.2 Information on dimensions, materials, and processesnecessary to define the structural strength of the propeller.8.1.3 Any other dat
46、a necessary to allow, by comparison, thedetermination that later propellers of the same or similar designmeet the requirements of this specification.9. Quality Assurance9.1 The propeller manufacturer shall have a quality assur-ance system that ensures manufactured propellers maintainconformity to th
47、e established design.10. Keywords10.1 light sport aircraft; propellerASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of an
48、y such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are i
49、nvited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual rep
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