1、Designation: F2551 09 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Practice forInstalling a Protective Cementitious Liner System inSanitary Sewer Manholes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2551; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case o
2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONA sanitary sewer manhole may be repaired or rehabilitated by applying a prepackaged cementitio
3、usliner to the interior surface after it has been properly prepared and cleaned. Sanitary sewer manholescan be damaged by dynamic loading, abrasion, erosion, and corrosion.1. Scope1.1 This specification describes all the work required tostructurally reinforce, seal, and protect sanitary sewer man-ho
4、les. Applications include applying a prepackaged cementi-tious liner that can function as a full depth restoration or apartial depth repair. A uniform high-strength, fiber-reinforcedcementitious mortar should be manually sprayed and handtroweled or centrifugally cast in a uniform, prescribed thick-n
5、ess to all cleaned, interior surfaces from the bottom of theframe to the bench. The cementitious liner may be applied tomanholes constructed of brick, concrete, block, and variousother materials.1.2 A manufacturers approved applicator shall furnish thecomplete application of the protective, prepacka
6、ged cementi-tious liner material. All of the cleaning, preparation, andapplication procedures shall be in accordance with the manu-facturers recommendations.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI unit
7、s that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine t
8、he applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Manholes arepermit required confined spaces in accordance with OSHAdefinition and should be treated as such, requiring confinedspace entry permits, appropriate monitoring equipment, andthe associated personal protective equipment.2. Reference
9、d Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylin-drical Concrete SpecimensC109/C109M Test Method for Compressive Strength ofHydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or 50-mm CubeSpecimens)C309 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com-pounds for Curing ConcreteC
10、494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures forConcreteC969 Practice for Infiltration and Exfiltration AcceptanceTesting of Installed Precast Concrete Pipe Sewer LinesC1140/C1140M Practice for Preparing and Testing Speci-mens from Shotcrete Test PanelsC1244 Test Method for Concrete Sewer Manhole
11、s by theNegative Air Pressure (Vacuum) Test Prior to BackfillC1315 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com-pounds Having Special Properties for Curing and SealingConcreteF2414 Practice for Sealing Sewer Manholes Using ChemicalGrouting2.2 ACI Standards:3ACI 301-05 Specifications for Structural
12、ConcreteACI 305R-99 Hot Weather ConcretingACI 306R-88 Cold Weather ConcretingACI 308R Practice for Curing Concrete1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F36 on Technologyand Underground Utilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F36.20on Inspection and Renewal of
13、Water and Wastewater Infrastructure.Current edition approved April 1, 2016. Published May 2016. Originallyapproved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as F2551-09. DOI:10.1520/F2551-09R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Servic
14、e at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), 38800 Country Club Dr.,Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3439, http:/www.concrete.org.Copyright ASTM International, 1
15、00 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1ACI 506R Guide to Shotcrete2.3 ICRI Technical Guidelines:4Guideline No. 03732 Selecting and Specifying ConcreteSurface Preparation for Sealers, Coatings, and PolymerOverlaysGuideline No. 03737 Guide for the Preparatio
16、n of ConcreteSurfaces for Repair Using Hydro-demolition Methods3. Ordering Information3.1 SubmittalsOrders for all prepackaged materials listedunder this practice shall include the following:3.1.1 Product data, including manufacturer and brand name;3.1.2 Technical data stipulating physical character
17、istics ofapplied liner material; and3.1.3 Manufacturers Safety Data Sheets.3.2 Delivery, Storage, and Handling:3.2.1 The prepackaged cementitious materials should bestored according to the manufacturers recommendations. Nomodification should be made to the manufacturers recommen-dations for handling
18、 and delivery of these products.4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 All prepackaged materials shall be designed,manufactured, and intended for sewer manhole rehabilitationand the specific application in which they are used. Eachmaterial shall be designed for application over damp surfaceswithout degrada
19、tion of the final product or the bond betweenthe product and the manhole surface.4.2 Materials for Substrate RepairsAll voids and irregu-larities of the substrate should be filled or repaired withstructurally sound materials before applying the cementitiousliner material.4.2.1 Cementitious Repair Ma
20、terialsHand mix and applyfor filling voids and reforming benches and resurfacing thebrick, concrete walls, and bench surfaces of the sewer man-hole. Mix the cement repair material and apply according to themanufacturers instructions. The cementitious liner materialcan be used as the repair material.
21、4.3 Infiltration Water Control MaterialsSpecifically for-mulated for stopping water leaks and minor infiltration.4.3.1 Cementitious Water Control MaterialsUsed to stopflowing water leaks in concrete and masonry structures. Thismaterial may be applied in dry form directly to the leak area ormixed wit
22、h potable water to a soft putty consistency for largeractive leaks. This material is held in place until it sets and theleak stops. Mix and use according to the manufacturersinstructions.4.3.2 No modification should be made to the productsrecommendations for handling, mixing, placing, and finishingw
23、ithout the manufacturers prior written approval.4.4 Chemical Grout MaterialTo stop water leaks andinfiltration with chemical grout, refer to Practice F2414.4.5 Lining MaterialPrepackaged cementitious lining ma-terials are specifically designed to repair or rehabilitate sewermanhole.4.6 Other Materia
24、lsNo other material shall be used withor added to the prepackaged cementitious liner materialswithout prior written approval from the manufacturer.5. Surface Preparation, Cleaning, and Repair5.1 The applicator is responsible to ensure that the manholeis properly cleaned and prepared.5.2 Place wooden
25、 or plastic covers or other protectivedevices over the sewer manhole invert while cleaning themanhole wall and bench sections before applying the prepack-aged cementitious liner. Wire mesh and fabric filters allowingwater to pass are also acceptable.5.3 Remove all foreign materials from the manhole
26、wall andbench sections. Remove all loose and protruding bricks,mortar, and concrete. Remove metal, plastic, or brick stairs, ifrequired, before applying the new liner. Fill any large voidswith fast setting cementitious repair material.5.4 Surface Cleaning Procedures:5.4.1 High Pressure CleaningPrope
27、rly cleaning the sur-face of the structure is critical to the success of this rehabili-tation method. Use a high-pressure washer delivering a mini-mum of 3500 psi (2413 MPa). A minimum of two and a halfgallons per minute (9.46 litres per minute) should be deliveredthrough the spray tip. The spray ti
28、p should be kept between 6and 12 in. (15.24 and 30.48 cm) from the surface and be heldat an angle between 45 and 90 to the surface being cleaned.The spray tip should be directed across the surface at a speedof no more than one foot per second (0.3 metres per second).If the surface is especially dirt
29、y or greasy, cleaning agents maybe added to the pressure washer water or the water may beheated. When hot water is required, it should be heated to210F (99C). Care should be taken to clean the frame sealingsurface where the lid fits into the frame, removing any debrisor other materials that negative
30、ly impact the lids ability to sealagainst the frame. Cleaning should begin with the framesurface and progress down to and include the bench. A rotatingspray nozzle may be used for cleaning, if it meets pressure andflow requirements. Care should be taken to avoid furtherstructural damage to the exist
31、ing surface.5.4.2 In some situations, when removing existing coatingsor linings, pneumatic hammers, hydro-demolition, or sandblasting may be required. Refer to Guideline No. 03732 orGuideline No. 03737.5.4.3 Some substrates may require more surface preparationincluding acid washing. If acid washing
32、is performed, the acidcleaned surface should be neutralized.5.4.4 Remove any loose material after all preparations andcleaning has been completed. Do not allow soil, sand, debris,or runoff to enter the sewer system. Properly dispose of anydeleterious materials removed from the manhole according tolo
33、cal, state, and federal guidelines.5.5 Surface Repair:5.5.1 Repair the Invert and Bench SectionsRepair anyinvert and bench section that exhibits visible damage,4Available from the International Concrete Repair Institute, Inc. (ICRI), 1000Westgate Drive, Suite 252, St. Paul, Minnesota 55114, http:/ww
34、w.icri.org.F2551 09 (2016)2degradation, or water infiltration. Remove obstructions andloose materials from benches prior to shaping inverts. Formsmooth, u-shaped channels across the floor of the manhole. Usea high-strength, fast-setting cementitious repair material. Con-trol or divert the flow to al
35、low sufficient setting time for thematerial used. Make finished benches and inverts smoothwithout defects. Allow no accumulation of debris.6. Mixing of Prepackaged Cementitious Repair Materials6.1 The applicator shall bear complete responsibility formixing of the materials, applying, and finishing o
36、f the sewermanhole repair system.6.1.1 The prepackaged cementitious liner material shouldbe mixed with water in accordance with the manufacturersrecommendations. Tempering of the material above the manu-facturers published limits should not be allowed.6.1.2 Use clean and potable water for mixing.6.1
37、.3 No modifications or changes should be made to theproduct without prior written approval of the manufacturer.6.1.4 During hot weather, the cementitious liner materialshould be mixed at temperatures below 90F (32.2C) in orderto avoid rapid loss of workability, to decrease waterevaporation, and to p
38、revent premature set time. Retardingadmixtures Type A, B, or D that meet Specification C494/C494M may be used to allow work in hotter weather. However,applicators should obtain manufacturers permission or useproducts recommended by manufacturer. Apply admixtures inaccordance with ACI 305R-99 recomme
39、ndations for hotweather conditions.6.1.5 If work is to be performed near 40F (4.4C), preheatthe water and keep prepackaged material warm. The mixshould be kept near 70F (21.1C). Apply in accordance withACI 306R-88 recommendations for cold weather concreting.Some liner materials are capable of settin
40、g in cold weather;consult with manufacturer for suitability.7. ExecutionApplication of the Cement Liner7.1 Spray ApplicationManual Surface Sealing:7.1.1 Dampen the manhole wall surface. Surface must bedamp without noticeable free water droplets or running water(surface, saturated, dry). Spray or app
41、ly the cementitious linermaterial to a uniform thickness as specified. Use a hand trowelto hand work and compact the manhole cementitious linermaterial into all the voids and crevices but do not over trowel.Allow the cementitious liner material to set as recommendedby the manufacturer.7.1.2 Spray th
42、e cementitious liner material to a nominalthickness of12 in. (1.25 cm) in one or more passes. Thethickness of the cementitious lining material applied to thesurface depends on a wide array of variables. These variablesinclude overall condition of the manhole, depth, constructionmaterials, location,
43、dynamic traffic load, source and state ofcorrosion, diameter, hydrostatic pressure, soil type, and anyother factors that might impact the design of the cementitiousliner. The design engineer should determine appropriate linerthickness and liner material properties and may be prepared toinclude the a
44、ddition of protective coatings or other methodsused to limit or eliminate corrosion factors. Use a wet gauge tomeasure applied cementitious liner material thickness at threesections of the manhole: the cone/corbel section, middle ofbarrel, and the barrel near the invert. The liner shall be evenand u
45、niform with a troweled, brushed, or natural finish.7.1.3 Not all manufacturers recommend the use of a protec-tive coating over the cementitious liner material. If the liner isto receive a top coating, then an anchor tooth finish isrecommended and shall be free of curing or similar com-pounds. For dr
46、y gunite applications, finish in accordance withACI 506R, using the recommended trowel.7.1.4 Apply the prepackaged cementitious liner materialfrom the top of the manhole down to the bench. Overlay thebench with a gradual slope from the wall to the edge of thechannel. The wall and bench intersection
47、should have arounded and uniform radius. The thickness of the bench shallbe no less than12 in. (1.25 cm) at the edge of the channel andshall increase in the direction of the wall so as to provide therequired slope.7.2 Spray ApplicationCentrifugal Process:7.2.1 Position the high-speed, bi-directional
48、, rotating appli-cator within the center of the manhole at the lowest pointdesired for the new wall and commence pumping the mixedprepackaged cementitious liner material. Man-entry may berequired to assure the lining has been effectively applied, as onthe underside of any brickwork or around lateral
49、s. As thecementitious liner material begins to be centrifugally castevenly around the interior, retrieve the applicator head at theprescribed speed for applying the thickness that has beenselected. Controlled multiple passes in both clockwise andcounterclockwise directions are made until the desired thick-ness is attained.7.2.2 If the procedure is interrupted for any reason, simplyarrest the retrieval of the applicator head until flows arerecommenced. Verify the desired thickness with a wet gage.The liners shall be even and uniform with a brushed o
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