1、Designation: F 2644 07Standard Test Method forPerformance of Commercial Patio Heaters1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2644; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number i
2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the heating performance andenergy consumption of commercial radiant patio heaters. Thefood service operator can use th
3、is evaluation to select acommercial patio heater and understand its energy perfor-mance and effective heated area.1.2 This test method is applicable to commercial gas andelectric radiant patio heaters.1.3 The patio heater can be evaluated with respect to thefollowing:1.3.1 Energy input rate (10.2),1
4、.3.2 Preheat energy consumption and time (10.3),1.3.3 Temperature distribution (10.4), and1.3.4 Effective heated area (10.4).1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.5 This standard does not purport to addr
5、ess all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 3588 Practic
6、e for Calculating Heat Value, Compressibil-ity Factor, and Relative Density of Gaseous Fuels2.2 ANSI Documents:3ANSI Z83.19 Gas-Fired High-Intensity Infrared HeatersANSI Z83.20 Gas-Fired Low-Intensity Infrared Heaters2.3 ASHRAE Documents:4ASHRAE 551992 Thermal Environmental Conditions forHuman Occup
7、ancy3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 boundary, nthe edge of the area being warmedunder a patio heater that corresponds to 3F above the designenvironment mean radiant temperature.3.1.2 design environment, nunheated environment forwhich test units performance is to be evaluated. Designenvironment i
8、s specified as having a mean radiant temperatureof 60F.3.1.3 effective heated area, nthe amount of square footagethat can be warmed to a specified temperature (3F above thedesign environment mean radiant temperature) under a patioheater.3.1.4 energy input rate, npeak rate at which a patio heatercons
9、umes energy (kW or Btu/h), typically reflected duringpreheat.3.1.5 heating index, nthe quotient of the effective heatedarea and the measured energy input rate.3.1.6 mean radiant temperature, nthe uniform surfacetemperature of an imaginary black enclosure in which anoccupant would exchange the same a
10、mount of radiant heat asin the actual non-uniform space.NOTE 1Since all environments radiate thermal energy, the meanradiant temperature can be determined for an unheated as well as a heatedenvironment.3.1.7 operative temperature, nthe uniform temperature ofan imaginary black enclosure in which an o
11、ccupant wouldexchange the same amount of heat by radiation plus convectionas in the actual non-uniform environment. Operative tempera-ture is numerically the average of the air temperature (Ta) andthe mean radiant temperature (Tr), weighted by their respectiveheat transfer coefficients (hcand hr) (s
12、ee ASHRAE 551992):To5hc3 Ta1 hr3 Tr!hc1 hr!1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F26 on FoodService Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F26.06 onProductivity and Energy Protocol.Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published May 2007.2For referenced
13、ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
14、4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA30329, http:/www.ashrae.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshoho
15、cken, PA 19428-2959, United States.NOTE 2In the absence of air movement, the operative temperature isequal to the mean radiant temperature.3.1.8 patio heater, nan appliance that is designed forwarming outdoor areas using radiant heat.3.1.9 preheat energy, namount of energy consumed bythe patio heate
16、r while preheating the patio heater from ambientroom temperature (75 6 10F) to its operating temperature.3.1.10 preheat rate, naverage rate (F/min) at which thepatio heater comes up to its operating temperature from a 75 610F ambient temperature.3.1.11 preheat time, ntime required for the patio heat
17、er topreheat from ambient room temperature (75 6 10F) to itsoperating temperature.3.1.12 uncertainty, nmeasure of systematic and precisionerrors in specified instrumentation or measure of repeatabilityof a reported test result.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The patio heater is connected to the appropr
18、iate meteredenergy source, and energy input rate is determined to confirmthat the appliance is operating within 5 % of the nameplateenergy input rate.4.2 The amount of energy and time required to preheat thepatio heater to its operating temperature is determined.4.3 The amount of square footage that
19、 could be effectivelywarmed by a heater is determined and characterized.5. Significance and Use5.1 The energy input rate test is used to confirm that thepatio heater is operating properly prior to further testing.5.2 Preheat energy and time can be useful to food serviceoperators to manage energy dem
20、ands and to know how quicklythe patio heater can be ready for operation.5.3 The temperature distribution of a patio heater can beused by operators and designers to determine the most effectivelayout for a patio heating system.5.4 The effective heated area can be used by operators tochoose a patio he
21、ater that meets their heating needs.6. Apparatus6.1 Aspirated Thermocouples, for measuring average bulkair temperature in the test space.6.2 Barometer, for measuring absolute atmospheric pres-sure, to be used for adjustment of measured gas volume tostandard conditions. Shall have a resolution of 0.2
22、 in. Hg andan uncertainty of 0.2 in. Hg.6.3 Data Acquisition System, for measuring energy andtemperatures, capable of multiple channel displays updating atleast every 2 s.6.4 Gas Meter, for measuring the gas consumption of apatio heater, shall be a dry positive displacement type with aresolution of
23、at least 0.01 ft3and a maximum uncertainty nogreater than 1 % of the measured value for any demand greaterthan 2.2 ft3/h. If the meter is used for measuring the gasconsumed by the pilot lights, it shall have a resolution of atleast 0.01 ft3and a maximum uncertainty no greater than 2 %of the measured
24、 value.6.5 Globe Thermometer, comprised of a beaded-junctionthermocouple located in the geometric center of a 2-star,precise round, ping-pong ball for determining mean radianttemperature. The globe shall be mounted on a length of316-in.plastic tubing, which will house the thermocouple wire, and thee
25、ntire assembly (globe and tubing) shall be painted flat black.See Fig. 1.6.6 Pressure Gauge, for monitoring gas pressure. Shall havea range of zero to 15 in. H2O, a resolution of 0.5 in. H2O, anda maximum uncertainty of 1 % of the measured value.6.7 Stop Watch,witha1sresolution.6.8 Temperature Senso
26、r, for measuring gas temperature inthe range of 50 to 100F with an uncertainty of 61F.6.9 Thermocouple(s), for measuring globe and ambienttemperatures, industry standard type T or type K, 24 gaugeFIG. 1 Globe ThermometerF2644072thermocouple wire, welded and calibrated, with a range of 0 to150F and a
27、n uncertainty of 61F.6.10 Thermocouple Wire, for measuring reflector tempera-ture, shall be type K thermocouple wire with a range of 0 to1000F and an uncertainty of 61F.6.11 Watt-Hour Meter, for measuring the electrical energyconsumption of a patio heater, shall have a resolution of at least10Wh and
28、 a maximum uncertainty no greater than 1.5 % of themeasured value for any demand greater than 100 W. For anydemand less than 100 W, the meter shall have a resolution of atleast 10 Wh and a maximum uncertainty no greater than 10 %.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Ping-Pong Balls, two-star, precise round,
29、 weighing 2.56 0.5 g for constructing globe thermometers.7.2 Model Airplane Control Rods, for supporting the globethermometers, shall be a minimum of 12 in. long with anominal outside diameter of316 in.8. Sampling, Test Units8.1 Patio HeaterSelect a representative production modelfor performance tes
30、ting.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Install the patio heater in accordance with the manu-facturers instructions in the center of a 20 ft. square area(hereafter called, test cell) at the manufacturers recommendedworking height. The test cell shall be free of drafts andobstructions of any kind. Record
31、 the distance from the bottomof the heating unit to the floor (mounted heaters).NOTE 3A high bay area may be required to provide suitable verticalclearances for testing mounted style patio heaters.9.2 Connect the patio heater to a calibrated energy testmeter. For gas installations, install a pressur
32、e regulator down-stream from the meter to maintain a constant pressure of gasfor all tests. Install instrumentation to record both the pressureand temperature of the gas supplied to the patio heater and thebarometric pressure during each test so that the measured gasflow can be corrected to standard
33、 conditions. For electricinstallations, a voltage regulator may be required during tests ifthe voltage supply is not within 62.5 % of the manufacturersnameplate voltage.9.3 For a gas patio heater, adjust (during maximum energyinput) the gas supply pressure downstream from the appli-ances pressure re
34、gulator to within 62.5 % of the operatingmanifold pressure specified by the manufacturer. Make adjust-ments to the appliance following the manufacturers recom-mendations for optimizing combustion. Proper combustionmay be verified by measuring air-free CO in accordance withANSI Z83.19 and ANSI Z83.20
35、.9.4 Confirm (while the elements are energized) that thesupply voltage is within 62.5 % of the operating voltagespecified by the manufacturer. Record the test voltage for eachtest.NOTE 4It is the intent of the testing procedure herein to evaluate theperformance of a patio heater at its rated electri
36、c voltage. If an electric unitis rated dual voltage (that is, designed to operate at either 208 or 240 Vwith no change in components), the voltage selected by the manufacturerand/or tester shall be reported. If a patio heater is designed to operate attwo voltages without a change in the resistance o
37、f the heating elements,the performance of the unit (for example, preheat time) may differ at thetwo voltages.9.5 Construct an array of globe thermometers for character-izing the heated area under the test patio heater. The globesshall be positioned at a height of 36 6 1 in. from the floor, withno mo
38、re than 24 in. horizontal spacing between adjacentglobes. The globes shall be no closer than 24 in. to any wall orother partition.NOTE 5The globe thermometers can be effectively held in place byimplanting the tubing into a length of 1-in. PVC pipe that has beenmounted on a 2- by 4-in. sawhorse kit.
39、See Fig. 2.9.6 Divide the test area into four equal-sized quadrants.Position four aspirated thermocouples, one in the center ofeach quadrant at a height of 36-in.These four temperatures willbe used to determine the average ambient temperature.9.7 In preparation for the preheat test, tack-weld a ther
40、mo-couple to the heaters reflector, centered as closely as possible.FIG. 2 Globe Thermometer ArrayF264407310. Procedure10.1 General:10.1.1 For gas patio heaters, record the following for eachtest run:10.1.1.1 Higher heating value,10.1.1.2 Standard gas pressure and temperature used tocorrect measured
41、 gas volume to standard conditions,10.1.1.3 Measured gas temperature,10.1.1.4 Measured gas pressure,10.1.1.5 Barometric pressure,10.1.1.6 Average ambient temperature, and10.1.1.7 Energy input rate during or immediately prior totest.NOTE 6Using a calorimeter or gas chromatograph in accordance withacc
42、epted laboratory procedures is the preferred method for determiningthe higher heating value of gas supplied to the patio heater under test. Itis recommended that all testing be performed with natural gas having ahigher heating value of 1000 to 1075 Btu/ft3.10.1.2 For gas patio heaters, record any el
43、ectric energyconsumption, in addition to gas energy for all tests.10.1.3 For electric patio heaters, record the following foreach test run:10.1.3.1 Voltage while elements are energized,10.1.3.2 Average ambient temperature, and10.1.3.3 Energy input rate during or immediately prior totest run.10.1.4 F
44、or each test run, confirm that the peak input rate iswithin 65 % of the rated nameplate input. If the difference isgreater than 5 %, terminate testing and contact the manufac-turer. The manufacturer may make appropriate changes oradjustments to the patio heater.10.2 Energy Input Rate:10.2.1 For gas
45、patio heaters, set the controls to achievemaximum input. Allow the unit to run for a period of 15 min,then monitor the time required for the patio heater to consume5ft3of gas.10.2.2 For electric patio heaters, monitor the energy con-sumption for 15 min with the controls set to achieve maximuminput.
46、If the unit begins cycling during the 15 min interval,record the time and energy consumed for the time from whenthe unit was first turned on until it begins cycling.10.2.3 Confirm that the measured input rate or power,(Btu/h for a gas patio heater and kW for an electric patioheater) is within 5 % of
47、 the rated nameplate input or power (Itis the intent of the testing procedures herein to evaluate theperformance of a patio heater at its rated energy input rate). Ifthe difference is greater than 5 %, terminate testing and contactthe manufacturer. The manufacturer may make appropriatechanges or adj
48、ustments to the patio heater or supply anotherpatio heater for testing.10.3 Preheat Energy Consumption and Time:NOTE 7The preheat test should be conducted as the first applianceoperation on the day of the test, starting at a 75 6 10F ambienttemperature.10.3.1 Confirm that the patio heaters reflector
49、 is at ambienttemperature (75 6 10F). Turn the unit on with control(s) setto their maximum setting.10.3.2 Commence monitoring globe and ambient tempera-tures. The ambient shall be 75 6 10F during the course of thetest. If the ambient temperature is outside the specified range,the test is invalid and must be repeated.10.3.3 Record the globe temperatures over a minimum of10-s intervals during the course of preheat.10.3.4 Record the energy and time to preheat the patioheater. Preheat is judged complete when the reflector reaches95 % of i
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