1、Designation: F2668 07 (Reapproved 2011)F2668 16Standard Practice forDetermining the Physiological Responses of the Wearer toProtective Clothing Ensembles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2668; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption
2、 or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONProtective clothing ensembles such as firefighter turnout gear, HAZMAT suits
3、, and bomb suits mayimpose a physiological strain on the wearer. This strain can take the form of heat stress andcardiovascular and respiratory strain, which can result in injury to the wearer. This practice providesinformation on the measurement of the physiological responses of a wearer to a prote
4、ctive clothingensemble. The protocol is designed to allow comparisons of the physiological responses of subjectswearing different protective clothing ensembles of the same type (for example, firefighter turnout gear)and from different types (for example, firefighter ensemble vs. HAZMAT suit).1. Scop
5、e1.1 This practice specifies the test equipment and procedures for determining the physiological responses of subjects wearinga protective clothing ensemble.1.2 This practice covers the physiological measurement of internal body core temperature, skin temperature, exposure time,heart rate response,
6、oxygen consumption, and whole body sweat rate, to assess the physiological responses of subjects wearing aprotective clothing ensemble. This practice does not measure the musculoskeletal strain on the participant imposed by theprotective clothing ensemble.1.2.1 To increase safety during physiologica
7、l testing, this dynamic test requires the use of human participants who meet specifichealth and physical fitness requirements.1.3 The present standard does not attempt to determine important clothing characteristics, such as thermal insulation andevaporative resistance of the protective clothing ens
8、emble. Test Methods F1291 and F2370 can be used for these clothingmeasurements.1.4 The values stated in this practice shall be SI units.SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurementare included in this standard.1.5 It is the responsibility of the test laboratory to obtain th
9、e necessary and appropriate approval(s) required by their institutionfor conducting tests using human participants.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user, and the testing institution, to consult a
10、nd establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use of this standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1291 Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulation of Clothing Using a Heated ManikinF1494 Terminology Relating t
11、o Protective ClothingF2300 Test Method for Measuring the Performance of Personal Cooling Systems Using Physiological Testing1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F23.60on Human Fa
12、ctors.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2011Oct. 1, 2016. Published March 2012December 2016. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 20072011 asF2668 - 07.F2668 - 07 DOI:10.1520/F2668-07R11.(2011). DOI:10.1520/F2668-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.
13、astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what
14、 changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the
15、official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1F2370 Test Method for Measuring the Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Using a Sweating Manikin2.2 Other Standards:3ISO 8996 ErgonomicsDetermination of Metabolic Heat P
16、roductionISO 9886 ErgonomicsEvaluation of Thermal Strain by Physiological MeasurementsThe Commission for Thermal Physiology of the International Union of Physiological Sciences (IUPS Thermal Commission)Glossary of Terms for Thermal Physiology43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 acclimation, nphysiol
17、ogical adaptations occurring within an organism, which reduce the strain or enhance endurance ofstrain, caused by artificially or experimentally induced stressful changes in particular environmental conditions.3.1.1.1 DiscussionAcclimation describes the adaptive changes that occur within an organism
18、 in response to artificially induced changes in particularclimatic factors such as ambient temperature and humidity in a controlled environment.3.1.2 acclimatization, nphysiological adaptations occurring within an organism, which reduce the strain or enhance enduranceof strain, caused by stressful c
19、hanges in the natural environment.3.1.3 clothing ensemble, na group of garments worn together on the body at the same time.3.1.4 thermal core, nthe deep tissues of the brain, neck and torso, whose temperatures are not changed in their relationshipto each other by circulatory adjustments.3.1.4.1 Disc
20、ussionThese deep tissues comprise the most thermally protected tissues of the body and are most critical to temperature regulation. Thethermal core is distinct from changes in heat transfer to the environment that affects the appendages and other tissues of the body.3.1.5 core temperature, nthe mean
21、 temperature of the thermal core.3.1.5.1 DiscussionCore temperature is commonly represented by rectal temperature, or by the more rapidly responding esophageal temperature. Coretemperature is also measured by ingested telemetric thermometers in the form of a capsule.3.1.6 garment, na single item of
22、clothing (for example, shirt).3.1.7 maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), nthe highest rate at which an organism can take up oxygen during aerobicmetabolism.3.1.7.1 DiscussionDetermination of VO2max requires very high motivation of the individual and is expressed in millilitres per minute or as a ter
23、mrelative to body mass in millilitres per kilogram per minute. Maximum oxygen consumption is often referred to as maximal aerobicpower (MAP).3.1.8 metabolic rate, nthe rate of transformation of chemical energy into heat and mechanical work by aerobic and anaerobicactivities within an organism.3.1.8.
24、1 DiscussionMetabolic rate, as with VO2max, is commonly measured by indirect calorimetry, during long-term steady-state work. Metabolicrate, also referred to as energy expenditure, is usually expressed in terms of unit area of the total body surface (W/m2) or of totalbody mass (W/kg).3.1.9 protectiv
25、e ensemble, nthe combination of protective clothing with respiratory protective equipment, hoods, helmets,gloves, boots, communication systems, cooling devices, and other accessories intended to protect the wearer from a potentialhazard when worn together.3 Available from American National Standards
26、 Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4 The Japanese Journal of Physiology, Vol. 51, No. 2, 2001.F2668 1623.1.10 thermal strain, nany deviation of body temperature induced by sustained thermal stress that cannot be fullycompensated by temperature regula
27、tion.3.1.10.1 DiscussionThermal strain results in the activation of thermoeffector activities that causes sustained changes in the state of non-thermalregulatory systems. Thermal strain is measurable by an increased heart rate and whole body sweat rate, as determined by pre andpost nude mass loss.3.
28、1.11 thermal stress, nany thermal change between a temperature regulator and its environment, which if uncompensated bytemperature regulation, would result in hyperthermia.3.1.11.1 DiscussionThermal stress is often referred to as heat stress.3.2 IUPS Thermal Commission document4 was referenced for t
29、he modified definitions related to thermal physiology listedabove. For terms related to protective clothing used in this practice, refer to Terminology F1494.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice can be used for the evaluation of the physiological response of a user to protective clothing ensembl
30、es wornunder controlled conditions.4.1.1 This practice utilizes a treadmill for the exercise protocol. This method is believed to be appropriate for the evaluationof the majority of protective clothing ensembles, especially where the user will be walking or performing similar activities. Incertain s
31、ituations, where a protective clothing ensemble is designed to be worn where the user is performing specialized functions(for example, sitting or standing with only arm movement), alternate exercise equipment (for example, arm cycle-ergonometer)or exercise protocols should be considered for use in d
32、etermining the physiological response of the subject.4.1.2 Where evaluations include the use of Personal Cooling Systems refer to Test Method F2300.4.2 This practice establishes general procedures for the physiological evaluation based on the physiological measurement ofcore temperature, mean skin t
33、emperature, heart rate, exposure time, oxygen consumption, and whole body sweat rate.4.2.1 The data obtained can be used to evaluate the overall physiological response of the test participant while wearing aprotective clothing ensemble.4.2.2 The data may also be used in the research and development
34、of advanced ensembles that are designed to reduce thephysiological strain on the wearer thereby reducing the potential injury (for example, heat injury) associated with wearing theprotective clothing ensemble. Workers may be able to wear a protective clothing ensemble for a longer duration due to a
35、reductionin the physiological strain.4.2.3 The data can also be used to compare similar classes of ensembles and can be used to evaluate protective clothingensembles as a hazard to the wearer as compared to a baseline ensemble.4.2.4 In addition, the practice could also be used by consensus standards
36、 organizations in the development of physiological testcriteria for protective clothing ensemble certification.4.3 Departures from the instructions in this practice may lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowledgeconcerning thermoregulatory responses, physiological and environme
37、ntal temperature measurement, and testing practices isneeded to evaluate which departures from the instructions given in this practice are significant. All departures must be reportedwith the results.5. Materials5.1 Controlled Environmental ChamberA chamber that is large enough to accommodate a trea
38、dmill, the test participant, andat least two people at the same time. Also, the test chamber must provide uniform conditions, both spatially and temporally.5.1.1 Spatial VariationsSpatial variations shall not exceed the following: air temperature 61.0C, relative humidity 65 %,and air velocity 650 %
39、of the mean value. In addition, the mean radiant temperature shall not be more than 1.0C different fromthe mean air temperature. The spatial uniformity shall be verified at least annually or after any significant modifications are madeto the test chamber. Spatial uniformity shall be verified by reco
40、rding values for the conditions stated above at heights of 0.6, 1.0,1.4, and 1.8 m above the floor at the location occupied by the participant.5.1.2 Temporal VariationsTemporal variations shall not exceed the following: air temperature 60.5C, relative humidity65 %, air velocity 620 % of the mean val
41、ue for data averaged over five minutes.5.1.3 Relative Humidity MeasurementA humidity-sensing device shall be used and have an accuracy of 65 % relativehumidity and a repeatability of 63 % to be acceptable (for example, wet bulb/dry bulb, dew point hygrometer). At least onelocation shall be monitored
42、 during a test to ensure that the temporal uniformity requirements are met.F2668 1635.1.4 Air Temperature SensorsShielded air temperature sensors shall be used. The sensor shall have an overall accuracy of60.15C (for example, RTD, thermocouple, sensor).The sensor shall have a time constant not excee
43、ding one minute.The sensor(s)shall be 0.5 to 1.0 m in front of the participant. If a single sensor is used it shall be 1.0 m above the floor. If multiple sensors areused, they shall be spaced at equal height intervals and their readings averaged.5.1.5 Air Velocity IndicatorAn omni-directional anemom
44、eter with 60.05 m/s accuracy shall be used. Measurements shall beaveraged for at least one minute at each location. If it is demonstrated that velocity does not vary temporally by more than 60.05m/s, then it is not necessary to monitor air velocity during the test. However, the value of the mean air
45、 velocity must be reported.If air velocity is monitored, then measurement location requirements are the same as for air temperature.5.2 TreadmillA treadmill shall be used with a physical structure that accommodates the smallest and the largest participantsafely and comfortably.5.2.1 Treadmill Charac
46、teristicsThe treadmill running surface shall be not less than 1.8 m by 0.6 m. The treadmill shall havea calibrated analog scale or digital indicator of speed and angle of inclination (degrees or % grade). Elevation shall be variableover a range of at least 0 to 20 % grade. The speed shall be variabl
47、e from 2 to 20 km/h in increments of 0.2 km/h. The speed andincline of the treadmill shall be calibrated prior to each series of tests or study.5 The control mechanism must provide for error ofless than 1.0 % of the testing load both during the test and between tests (that is, 0.15 % grade at 15 % t
48、readmill grade).5.3 Equipment for Measuring Body TemperatureThe core and skin temperatures shall be measured with temperaturetransducers (that is, point sensors) which shall be calibrated prior to use.5.3.1 Temperature SensorsThe temperature measurements shall be carried out with thermocouples, resi
49、stance temperaturedevices (RTD), or thermistors. The sensors shall provide an accuracy of 60.1C between the range of 30 to 42C for coretemperature and 25 to 40C for skin temperature. Their response time to 90 % of the value must be the lowest possible and lessthan 10 s. Skin temperature measurements shall be taken at 4, 8, or 14 different locations. Refer to ISO 9886 for the location ofthe various measurement sites, and the weighting coefficients to determine overall skin temperature.5.3.2 Core Temperature Sensor CleaningSpecial requirements
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