ASTM F2681-2018 Standard Specification for Body Protectors Used in Equine Racing《马比赛用身体保护器的标准规范》.pdf

1、Designation: F2681 18 An American National StandardStandard Specification forBody Protectors Used in Equine Racing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2681; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year

2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONEquine racing is a sport with intrinsic hazards. It is recognized that serious injury or death can resultfrom both

3、low-energy and high-energy impacts, even when body protectors are worn. It is alsorecognized that body protection must be acceptable for the sport, the user, and to the regulatingassociations or agencies requiring their use. This specification has been developed with an emphasison providing comforta

4、ble, nonrestrictive impact protection in a lower weight garment. Injuries will notbe prevented by protective padding in accidents involving severe torsion, flexion or crushing of thebody. Acknowledging these limitations, this specification was developed using resources in themedical, scientific, eng

5、ineering, human factors, and biomedical fields, as well as resources fromequine competitors and professional Standardbred drivers and Thoroughbred jockeys. This specifi-cation draws from work done by others where appropriate for this specification, and these standardsmay be referenced. It should be

6、noted that this specification specifies a laboratory test of a completedbody protectors ability to reduce impacts.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers minimum performance criteriaand describes test methods for body protectors for use inequine racing in a controlled environment.NOTE 1It is recognize

7、d that it is not possible to write a body protectorperformance standard that will result in products that can protect againstall types of injury or death in an accident.1.2 It is not the intention of this specification to bar fromconsideration materials of improved quality or performance notknown at

8、 time of development of this specification.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of

9、the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization establis

10、hed in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1446 Test Methods for Equipment and Procedures Used inEvaluating

11、the Performance Characteristics of ProtectiveHeadgear2.2 BSI Standards:3EN 13158:2000 Protective clothing protective jackets,body and shoulder protectors for horse riders Require-ments and test methods2.3 SAE Standards4SAE J211 Recommended Practice for Instrumentation forImpact Tests Requirements fo

12、r Channel Class 10003. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 In addition to terms defined in Test Methods F1446,the following terms are specific to this specification.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment, Playing Surface

13、s, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F08.55 on Body Padding.Current edition approved April 1, 2018. Published April 2018. Originallyapproved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as F2681 08 (2014).DOI: 10.1520/F2681-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the

14、 ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from British Standards Institute (BSI), 389 Chiswick High Rd.,London W4 4AL, U.K., http:/www

15、.bsi-.4Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with

16、 internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.1.2 body protector, nsleeveless garment

17、covering de-fined areas of the torso and lower back and consisting of one ormore layers of material and designed to reduce trauma fromimpacts and falls.3.1.3 calibration impact surface, nflat modular elastomerprogrammer (MEP), as specified in Test Methods F1446.3.1.4 equine racing, nany event or act

18、ivity on a flat dirt,grass, or synthetic surface track that emphasizes the horsesand riders or drivers ability to complete a designated distanceor course in as short a time as possible (for example,Standardbred, Thoroughbred, and Quarter Horse racing).3.1.5 impact surface, nflat anvil, as specified

19、in theApparatus section of Test Methods F1446, used as the impactsurface for the shock attenuation test (see 7.2).3.1.6 padding, nany material or structure designed toabsorb or distribute, or both, impact energy.3.1.7 spherical impactor, nspherical impactor, as specifiedin Test Methods F1446, used f

20、or the impact attenuation systemcheck (see 10.1) and impact test procedures (see 11.2).4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 Materials:4.1.1 All materials used in the fabrication of the bodyprotector shall be known as suitable for the intended applica-tion. All padding materials used in the body protector

21、 shall notpermanently distort during an exposure of at least4htoanytemperature in the range from -15 6 2to406 2C, nor shallthe material be significantly affected by exposure to ultravioletradiation, water, dirt, or vibration.4.1.2 Materials coming into contact with the wearers skinshall not be a typ

22、e known to cause skin irritation or diseases.These materials shall not undergo significant loss of strength,flexibility, or other physical change as a result of contact withperspiration or body oil. Any material used in the constructionof body protectors shall not be adversely affected by ordinaryho

23、usehold soap and water, mild household detergent, orcleaners recommended by the manufacturer.4.1.3 Adhesive materials used to attach padding or straps tothe body protector shall be of a formulation that will not alterthe chemical or physical properties of the materials to an extentas to reduce their

24、 protective qualities.4.1.4 The manufacturer of the body protector shall providewritten documentation to the testing laboratory indicating thatthe materials used in the body protector fulfill the requirementsof 4.1.1 4.1.3.4.2 Body Protector Assembly:4.2.1 Any optional devices provided by the manufa

25、cturer ofthe body protector and fitted to the body protector shall be sodesigned that they are unlikely to cause any injury to thewearer or other participants during contact. If the manufacturerprovides optional devices then the body protector shall betested with the optional devices fitted to the b

26、ody protector.4.2.2 Any unfaired projection extending more than 7 mmfrom the body protector outer surface shall break away orcollapse when impacted with forces equivalent to those pro-duced by the impact tests described in 11.2 of this specifica-tion. There shall be no fixture on the inner surface o

27、f the bodyprotector projecting more than 2 mm from the inner surface ofthe body protector toward the wearers body.4.3 Extent and Form of PaddingThe coverage of the bodyprotector listed in Section 6 shall be capable of being evaluatedaccording to 11.2 and shall meet the impact requirements ofFIG. 1 D

28、imensional Coverage RequirementsF2681 182Section 5. The extent of coverage shall include at least all ofthe designated areas shown in Fig. 1.NOTE 2The body protector may have reduced padding thickness overthe shoulder, and it does not require padding in areas outside the test areadefined in Fig. 1.4

29、.4 AttachmentsThe components of the fasteners for se-curing attachments to the body protector shall not reduce theimpact attenuation properties of the body protector.5. Performance Requirements5.1 GeneralBody protectors shall be capable of meetingthe requirements in this specification throughout the

30、ir fullrange of adjustment.5.2 When tested in accordance with 11.1, the force toseparate any closures shall not be less than 50 N. Thisrequirement shall be met at ambient temperature 21 6 3C andat a relative humidity of 50 6 15 %.5.3 The velocity of any test impact shall be 3.15 m/s 6 2%.The peak ac

31、celeration of any test impact shall not exceed300 g, when conditioned as described in 9.1 and when tested inaccordance with 11.2.6. Dimensioning, Sizing and Body Coverage6.1 The whole circumference of the torso shall be coveredby the body protector.6.2 All measurements shall be taken from the edge o

32、f thepadding material to the edge of the padding material asdesignated in 6.3. The outer material that holds the paddingmaterial shall not be considered to be padding material.6.3 DimensioningBody protectors shall have dimensionsas shown in Fig. 1. Dimension A shall be the mid-value of therange of t

33、he chest circumference, in centimetres, that themanufacturer states the body protector will fit. Dimension Bshall be reported in centimetres and defined by the followingequation:B 5 20.011!A212.66A 2 65.56 (1)which represents the mathematically calculated anthropomet-ric mean for the waist to waist

34、over the shoulder length forchest sizes of 53 to 122 cm.6.3.1 Four vertical reference lines, as defined in EN13158:2000, are to be used: C and C separated by 25 % ofDimension A on the chest, and D and D separated by 25 % ofDimension A on the back.6.3.2 The padding shall extend for more than 30 % ofD

35、imension B along the lines C and C (C in Fig. 1).6.3.3 The padding shall extend for more than 45 % ofDimension B along the lines D and D (D in Fig. 1).6.3.4 The padding shall extend for a length greater than 25% of Dimension B in the center front (E in Fig. 1).6.3.5 The armhole circumference shall b

36、e measured byplacing the armhole opening over the test device shown in Fig.2. The point at which the armhole opening circumferencecontacts the cone measurement device at all points around thecircumference of the armhole shall be considered to be thearmhole circumference. The circumference of the arm

37、holeshall be less than 70 % of Dimension A (F in Fig. 1).6.3.6 The minimum width of padding across the backbetween the armholes shall be more than 30 % of DimensionA(GinFig. 1).FIG. 2 Armhole Circumference Measurement DeviceF2681 1836.3.7 The minimum width of padding across the chestbetween the armh

38、oles shall be more than 20 % of DimensionA(HinFig. 1).6.3.8 The maximum vertical dimension (depth) of the frontneck opening shall be less than 15 % of Dimension B (I in Fig.1).6.3.9 The maximum vertical dimension (depth) of the backneck opening shall be less than 10 % of Dimension B (J in Fig.1).6.3

39、.10 The test area shall consist of the area bounded bydimensions A, C, C, D and D as shown in Fig. 1.7. Apparatus7.1 Dimensioning, Sizing and CoverageThe apparatus forthe dimensioning, sizing and coverage evaluation shall include:7.1.1 Cloth Tape Measure, metric, capable of reportingmeasurements to

40、the nearest 0.1 cm.7.1.2 Armhole Circumference Measurement Device, shownin Fig. 2. The armhole circumference measurement deviceshall be fabricated from any material that will not significantlydegrade over time. Suitable materials include plastic, metal orwood.7.2 Shock Attenuation TestThe apparatus

41、for the shockattenuation test shall consist of the following:7.2.1 Guide AssemblyThe spherical impactor shall beattached to the free fall drop assembly carriage by an adjustablemounting that will allow impacts to be delivered to any pointof the body protector within the area designated by 6.3,provid

42、ed that the center of any impact is not less than 50 mmfrom any padding edge, and at least 100 mm from any priorimpact center. The carriage shall be free to slide on verticalguides. If wires are used, they shall be placed under at least845 N tension. The guide assembly shall not weigh more than1.100

43、 kg. The total weight of the guide assembly and sphericalimpactor shall be 5.0 6 0.1 kg.7.2.2 Recording EquipmentThe recording equipment shallmeet the following criteria:7.2.2.1 Acceleration TransducerA linear accelerometershall be mounted at the center of gravity of the sphericalimpactor and carria

44、ge assembly with the sensitive axis alignedto within 5 of the vertical when the spherical impactor is in theimpact position. The transducer shall be capable of withstand-ing a shock of 1000 g without damage and shall have afrequency response (variation 6 1.5 %) from 5 to 900 Hz.7.2.2.2 Impact Record

45、ingThe impact shall be recordedusing digital data processing equipment that complies with therequirements of SAE J211. The minimum sampling rate shallnot be less than 10 kHz, and the resolution shall be not lessthan 12 bits (including sign).7.2.2.3 Signal FilteringAnalog or digital filtering of thea

46、cceleration data channel shall comply with the requirementsof SAE J211.7.2.3 Closure Test EquipmentThe closure test equipmentshall consist of a force gauge capable of measuring up to 100 Nwithout damage to the device. The force gauge shall have anaccuracy of 65 % and be capable of reporting force to

47、 thenearest 1 N.8. Sampling and Test Schedule8.1 A total of four specimens of each size of the protectormodel shall be submitted for testing. The ambient sample shallbe tested for dimensioning, sizing, and body coverage prior toclosure testing. Upon completion of closure testing, the ambi-ent sample

48、 shall be subjected to impact attenuation testing. Asummary of the sampling and test schedule appears in Table 1.9. Conditioning9.1 Prior to testing, condition one body protector apiece ineach of the following four ways:9.1.1 Ambient TemperatureCondition one body protectorfor a period of not less th

49、an4hatlaboratory conditions at atemperature of 21 6 3C and a relative humidity of 50 6 15 %.Record the temperature to the nearest degree and the relativehumidity to the nearest percent at the time of testing on thereport form for each test series.9.1.2 Low TemperatureCondition the second body protec-tor by exposing it to a temperature of 15 6 3C for not lessthan 4 h nor more than 24 h in a mechanically cooledapparatus.9.1.3 High TemperatureCondition the third body protectorby exposing it to a temperature of 40 6 2C for