1、Designation: F2732 11F2732 16Standard Practice forDetermining the Temperature Ratings for Cold WeatherProtective Clothing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2732; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th
2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONManufacturers of cold weather protective clothing want consumers to be thermally comfortablewhen wearing the
3、ir products. Therefore, they want to indicate the amount of warmth (that is,insulation) their products will provide to consumers at the point of sale. This is often expressed as atemperature rating on product labels and in product descriptions in catalogs. A temperature rating iscommonly understood
4、to mean the lowest air temperature at which the average adult person will havean acceptable level of thermal comfort when wearing the product. Although it is not always stated onlabels or in catalogs, manufacturers are assuming that consumers will wear the appropriate amount ofclothing with the cold
5、 weather garments.Heated manikins can be are used to measure the thermal resistance (insulation) and evaporativeresistance of clothing ensembles in accordance with Test Methods F1291 and F2370, respectively. Thethermal insulation value of a cold weather protective ensemble can be are used in heat lo
6、ss models toestimate the thermal comfort of people in cold environments. This approach has already been used forsleeping bags (see EN 13537).1. Scope1.1 This standard practice covers the determination of the temperature rating of cold weather protective clothing ensembles. Itinvolves measuring the i
7、nsulation thermal resistance (insulation) value of a clothing ensemble with a heated manikin in accordancewith Test Method F1291 and using a heat loss model to predict the lowest environmental temperature for comfort.1.2 The predictive model used in this standard estimates the evaporative heat loss
8、from a person wearing cold weather clothingas opposed to measuring the evaporative resistance on a sweating manikin. If a person is active and gets overheated in a coldenvironment, he/she can is usually able to adjust the garments in order to dissipate excess heat.1.3 The temperature ratings estimat
9、ed by this standard practice are guidelines for thermal comfort that are designed to protectpeople from hypothermia when wearing cold weather protective garments. However, localized cooling, discomfort, and evenfrostbite could still occur at extremely low temperatures because clothing insulation is
10、not evenly distributed over the body surface.In addition, some body parts (for example, ears, fingers, toes) have a high surface area relative to their mass, and consequentlylose heat at a faster rate than other parts of the body.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concer
11、ns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1291 Test Method for Measuring the Thermal
12、Insulation of Clothing Using a Heated ManikinF2370 Test Method for Measuring the Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Using a Sweating Manikin1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F
13、23.60on Human Factors.Current edition approved June 1, 2011Oct. 1, 2016. Published June 2011October 2916. Originally approved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 20092011 asF2732 - 09.F2732 - 11. DOI: 10.1520/F2732-11.10.1520/F2732-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www
14、.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of wha
15、t changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the
16、 official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.2 Other Standards:EN 13537 Requirements for Sleeping Bags3ANSI/ASHRAE 55-2004ASHRAE 55-2013 Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy43. Terminology3.1 De
17、finitions:3.1.1 clo, na unit of thermal resistance (insulation) equal to 0.155 K-m2/W.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe value of the clo was selected as roughly the insulation value of typical indoor clothing, which should keep a resting man(producing heat at the rate of 58 W/m2) comfortable in an environment a
18、t 21C, air movement 0.1 m/s.3.1.2 clothing ensemble, na group of garments worn together on the body at the same time.3.1.3 temperature rating, nthe lowest environmental temperature at which a person can remain thermally neutral whilewearing a particular clothing ensemble.3.1.4 thermal comfort, nthat
19、 condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed bysubjective evaluation (see ANSI/ASHRAE 55-2004).ASHRAE 55-2013).3.1.5 thermal insulation, nthe resistance to dry heat transfer by way of via conduction, convection, and radiation.3.1.5.1 DiscussiontheThe f
20、ollowing insulation values can be determined with a thermal manikin using clo units:Ia = thermal resistance (insulation) of the air layer on the surface of the nude manikin.It = total thermal resistance (insulation) of the clothing and surface air layer around the manikin.Icl = intrinsic thermal res
21、istance (insulation) of the clothing.Total insulation values are measured directly with a manikin. Intrinsic clothing insulation values are determined by subtracting theair layer resistance around the clothed manikin from the total insulation value for the ensemble.4. Significance and Use4.1 This pr
22、actice can be is used to measure the insulation provided by different cold weather clothing systems using a heatedmanikin (see Test Method F1291) and to predict the temperature rating for comfort at two activity levels using whole body heatloss models.4.1.1 The temperature rating is for an ensemblen
23、ot an individual garment. However, manufacturers want to label cold weathergarments with a temperature rating to help consumers select the product that will best meet their needs. Therefore, the standardis limited to garments that cover a substantial amount of body surface area such as jackets, coat
24、s, and insulated pants, coveralls,or snow suits. The temperature ratings of head wear, footwear, and hand wear cannot be determined with this practice.4.1.2 The temperature predictions determined by this standard practice are for adults only. The physiology of children issignificantly different from
25、 that of adults, so a modified heat loss model would need needs to be used to predict the comfort ofchildren wearing outdoor clothing.54.1.3 The temperature ratings determined by this standard practice and listed on garment labels are only guidelines for comfortand will be affected by the garments c
26、onsumers wear with them, their activity level during wear, and individual differences in thephysiological characteristics of people (for example, gender, age, body mass, etc.).5. Calibration of Manikin5.1 ManikinUse a thermal manikin as described in Test Method F1291.5.2 CalibrationCalibrate the man
27、ikin using the procedures in Test Method F1291.5.2.1 The intrinsic clothing insulation value of the Test Method F1291 calibration ensemble (Icl) should needs to be 0.79 clo,610 % before proceeding with this method.6. Base Ensembles6.1 Cold weather garments are worn with other garments as part of an
28、ensemble. Therefore, they need to be tested that way onthe manikin in order to determine the temperature for comfort. All cold weather jackets, coveralls, and jacket/pant sets (where the3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http
29、:/www.ansi.org.4 Available from American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329,http:/www.ashrae.org.5 McCullough, Elizabeth A., Eckels, Steve, and Harms, Craig. “Determining Temperature Ratings for Childrens Cold W
30、eather Clothing,” Applied Ergonomics, Vol. 40,2009, pp. 870-877.F2732 162garments are designed to be worn together) shall be tested with a lightweight base ensemble that represents the minimum amountof clothing that a reasonable person might wear with the cold weather clothing (Base Ensemble #1). Co
31、ld weather pants shall betested with a base jacket added to the base ensemble (Base Ensemble #2). The size of the garments shall be selected based on themeasurements of the manikin.6.2 The garments used in Base Ensemble #1 are:6.2.1 ShirtLong-sleeve mock turtle neck shirt, interlock knit, 100 % cott
32、on, 214 g/m2 (6.3 oz/yd2); worn with shirttail overjeans.6.2.2 JeansDenim 5-pocket jeans, 100 % cotton 397 g/m2 (11.7 oz/yd2).6.2.3 Mens Underwear BriefsJersey knit briefs, 100 % cotton, 180 g/m2 (5.3 oz/yd2); jockey style that fits snugly at the waistand legs (from Test Method F1291).6.2.4 Mens Soc
33、ksBasic knit sock that covers foot and extends up the calf no more than 25.4 cm (10 in.) from the bottom ofthe heel. Socks Each individual sock shall be composed of at least 75 % cotton and shall weigh 6533 6 105 g each (from TestMethod F1291).6.2.5 Athletic ShoesFabric/soft leather and soft sole.6.
34、2.6 Gloves or MittensInsulated knitted fleece gloves or mittens, 100% polyester, all layers 454 g/m2 (13.4 oz/yd2); cuffsworn under jacket sleeves.6.2.7 HatKnitted fleece hat, 100 % polyester 129 g/m2 (3.8 oz/yd2); worn pulled down to eye brows.6.2.8 The intrinsic clothing insulation value (Ithermal
35、 resistance (insulation) value (Icl) of Base Ensemble #1 should needs tobe 0.80 clo, 610 %.6.2.8.1 The insulation value of the cold weather ensembles would be higher (and the predicted temperature ratings lower) if athicker base ensemble was used. However, many people will not wear more clothing wit
36、h the cold weather garments, and somepeople might not wear gloves, or a hat, or both. Consequently, this standard practice is specifying a lightweight base ensemble only.Other It is acceptable for other garments such as thermal underwear couldto be substituted for the knit shirt and jeans as long as
37、the intrinsic insulation value is 0.80 clo, 610 % and the head, hands, and feet are covered in the same way.6.3 The garments used in Base Ensemble #2 are:6.3.1 All of the garments in Base Ensemble #1.6.3.2 A quilted fiberfill jacket, 100 % nylon shell and lining, 100 % polyester fiberfill insulation
38、, all layers 339 g/m2 (10.0oz/yd2). The stow-away hood shall not be placed on the head during the test; it should stay needs to be stowed in the collar.6.3.3 The intrinsic clothing insulation thermal resistance (insulation) value (Icl) of Base Ensemble #2 should needs to be 1.35clo, 610 %.7. Samplin
39、g and Test Specimens7.1 SamplingIt is acceptable to test one sample (that is, specimen) of each garment type. However, there maywill be somevariability in garments made of fiberfill or down insulations, so it is recommended to test two or three specimens and average theirinsulation values prior to m
40、odeling.7.2 Specimen Size and FitSelect the size of garments that will fit the manikin appropriately (that is, the way the manufacturerdesigned them to be worn on the human body during their intended end use).8. Manikin Procedure8.1 Environmental Test ConditionsThe test conditions given below shall
41、be standard for all tests unless otherwise stated.8.1.1 Air TemperatureThe air temperature shall be 5 to 20C at least 12C lower than the mankins mean surface temperature(that is 23C) during a test. The When emsembles with high insulation values are tested (for example, cold weather clothing), theair
42、 temperature shall be selected within that range so lowered so the that a minimum heat flux of 20 W/m2 fromform the manikinssegments is maintained and a skin temperature of 35C on each segment is segements is maintained.Atemperature at the high endof the range around 2023C will be needed for the nud
43、e test and the base ensemble test. An air temperature at the low end ofthe range A lower air temperature (for example, 5C) will be needed for heavy cold weather ensembles.8.1.2 Air VelocityThe air velocity shall be 0.4 6 0.1 m/s during a test.8.1.3 Relative HumiditySelect a level between 30 and 80 %
44、 relative humidity 65 %, preferably 50 %. The relative humidityof the environment has littlehas no effect on measurements of insulation under steady-state conditions; therefore, it does not needto be controlled at a specific level. Relative humidity does have to be monitored to make sure that it doe
45、s not change more than4 % during a test.conditions.8.2 Mean Skin Surface (Skin) Temperature of ManikinThe mean skinmanikins surface temperature shall be maintained at 356 0.5C for all tests. The mean surface temperature shall not be allowed to drift more than 6 0.2C during a 30 min test.8.3 Nude Tes
46、tMeasure the insulation thermal resistance (insulation) (Ia) provided by the air layer surrounding the nudemanikin by conducting a test using the same environmental conditions and procedures given for the cold weather ensemble tests(see 8.5).F2732 1638.3.1 A new nude test shall be conducted for ever
47、y series of cold weather clothing tests since this value (Ia) is used to calculatethe standardized total thermal resistance of each clothing ensemble.8.4 Base Ensemble TestMeasure the total insulation thermal resistance (insulation) (It) provided by Base Ensemble #1 (andBase Ensemble #2 if cold weat
48、her pants will be evaluated) by conducting a test using the same environmental conditions andprocedures given for the cold weather ensemble tests (see 8.5).8.4.1 The base ensemble tests shall be conducted periodically to document that the intrinsic thermal resistance values for theseensembles meet t
49、he requirements given in the standard within 610 % (see 6.2 and 6.3).8.5 Cold Weather Ensemble TestDress the standing manikin in Base Ensemble #1 or #2 and the cold weather garment (suchas a jacket, coverall, or pants) or garments (such as a work jacket and pants set) to be tested. Garments with a hood should needto be tested with the hood drawn up over the hat and tightened around the face. Position the manikin so that it is hanging verticallya few inches off the floor with its arms at its sides. Take a photograph of the ensemble on th
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