1、Designation: F 2751 09Standard Guide forTraining of Support Level Land Rescue Team Member (LRT-Support) Member1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2751; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training standardfor LRT-Support Members as it relates to their general, field,and
3、rescue-specific knowledge and skills. This document mayappropriately be used to develop or evaluate a training docu-ment or program.1.2 An LRT-Support Member rescues on the surface of theland only, including wilderness, mountainous, desert, or remoteenvironments. This guide alone does not provide th
4、e minimumtraining requirements for rescuing in the high angle environ-ment, partially or fully collapsed structures, in or on water, inconfined spaces, or underground (such as caves, mines, andtunnels).1.2.1 An LRT-Support Member is required to have knowl-edge and skill sets pertaining to the evacua
5、tion/carryoutcomponent of rescue.1.2.2 LRT-Support Members must work under qualifiedsupervision.1.2.3 LRT-Support Members are eligible to be members ofType II search teams or crews as defined in ClassificationF 1993.1.3 Type II teams which may utilize personnel trained tothis guide are Kind A (wilde
6、rness), Kind C (mountainous), orother remote areas including urban or disaster areas that maybe isolated or have lost their infrastructure.1.3.1 Further training may be required before an LRT-Support Member can actually participate on a particular kind ofrescue team, based on specific local need, re
7、gulations, orpolicies.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applicabil-ity of regulatory limitations prior
8、to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 1490 Terminology Relating to Search and RescueF 1591 Practice for Visual Signals Between Persons on theGround and in Aircraft During Ground EmergenciesF 1633 Guide for Techniques in Land SearchF 1768 Guide for Using Whistle Signals During RopeRescu
9、e OperationsF 1993 Classification System of Human Search and RescueResourcesF 2209 Guide for Training of Level I Land Search TeamMemberF 2047 Practice for Workers Compensation Coverage ofEmergency Services Volunteers2.2 Other Documents:NWCG PMS 307 Work Capacity Test33. Terminology3.1 For definition
10、s of terms used in this guide, see Termi-nology F 1490, Guide F 1633, Classification F 1993, PracticeF 2047, Guide F 2209, and other references within this guide.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 rescue team, na group of individuals rescuing on thesurface of the earth.3.2.2 Su
11、pport Level Land Rescue Team Member (LRT-Support Member ), na member of a rescue team who, as aminimum, meets the requirements of this guide. These require-ments define the basic, entry, awareness, or similar term levelof land rescue knowledge and skills.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide establi
12、shes the minimum standard for train-ing Land Rescue Team Members as it relates to their general,1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Search andRescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.02 on Management andOperations.Current edition approved April 1, 200
13、9. Published May 2009.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from NWCG IRM-PMO, National
14、Interagency Fire Center, 3833 S.Development Avenue, Boise, ID 83705, www.nwcg.gov.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.field, and rescue-specific knowledge and skills. A persontrained to this guide is a Support Level Land
15、Rescue TeamMember (LRT-Support Member).4.2 Every person who is identified as an LRT-SupportMember shall have met the requirements of this guide.4.3 This guide is to be used by individuals and AgenciesHaving Jurisdiction (AHJ) that wish to identify the minimumtraining standards for LRT-Support Member
16、s.4.4 This guide is only the first level of training for landrescue personnel and, in conjunction with Guide F 2209, onlyestablishes the minimum knowledge and skills required for aperson to perform basic evacuation type rescue of a subject. Norope rescue or other advanced skills are included or impl
17、ied.4.4.1 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from addingadditional requirements for its own members.4.5 Additional skill set-specific endorsements may be usedin conjunction with this document to classify rescue personnelto more specific rescue disciplines.44.6 This guide by itself is not a train
18、ing document. It is onlyan outline of the topics required for training or evaluating anLRT-Support Member, although it can be used to develop atraining document or program.4.7 It is up to the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) todetermine the depth or detail of training to meet its needs.4.8 This g
19、uide does not stand alone and must be used withthe referenced documents to provide the specific informationneeded by a particular LRT-Support Member or AHJ.4.9 Though this guide establishes the minimum standards, itdoes not imply that a (SLLRT) Member is a “trainee,”“probationary,” or other similar
20、term member of an AHJ. It isup to the AHJ to determine the requirements and qualificationsfor member ratings.4.10 Because technical rescue is inherently dangerous andLand Rescue Team Members are frequently required to per-form rigorous activities in adverse conditions, regional andnational safety st
21、andards shall be included in agency policiesand procedures. Land Rescue Team Members shall completeall activities in the safest possible manner and shall follownational, federal, state, provincial, and local safety standards asthey apply to the Land Rescue Team Member.4.11 This guide can be used to
22、evaluate a document todetermine if its content meets the necessary topics for trainingan LRT-Support Member. Likewise, the guide can be used toevaluate an existing training program to see if it meets therequirements of this guide.4.12 The knowledge and skills requirements presented inthe following s
23、ections are not presented in any particular orderand do not represent a training sequence.4.13 Except where a physical skill needs to be shown, it isup to the AHJ to determine the best way to evaluate a personsknowledge. This may be by written exam, oral exam, demon-stration, or by some combination
24、of the three.5. General Knowledge and Skills5.1 General Requirements:5.1.1 As a prerequisite, LRT-Support Member shall meet allrequirements of Guide F 2209.5.2 Personal Requirements:5.2.1 Personnel operating at this level should possess mini-mum physical fitness standards as required by NWCG PMS307
25、or equivalent.5.2.2 Medical requirements established by the AHJ.5.2.3 Emergency medical care performance capabilities forentry-level personnel developed and validated by the AHJ.5.2.4 Able to read, write, speak, and understand the lan-guage of the AHJ.5.2.5 Minimum requirements for hazardous materia
26、l inci-dent and contact control training, validated by the AHJ.5.3 Personal Equipment:5.3.1 Along with personal equipment, as outlined in GuideF 2209, additional rescue-specific personal equipment shall bespecified by the AHJ.5.3.2 Training in rescue-specific personal equipment shouldinclude selecti
27、on and use of at least basic Personal ProtectiveEquipment (PPE):5.3.2.1 Helmet.5.3.2.2 Gloves.5.3.2.3 Harness.5.3.2.4 Carabiners.5.3.2.5 Personal safety lanyards.5.3.3 Additional rescue-specific equipment necessary for anLRT-Support Member to safely participate on a rescue variesby type of rescue, t
28、eam assignment, season, environment, andterrain.5.3.4 An LRT-Support Member shall explain the reasons tocarry, and explain or demonstrate the use of, all rescue-specificpersonal equipment required by the AHJ.5.3.5 Personnel shall demonstrate ability to inspect PPE forthe purpose of identifying wear,
29、 damage, and operationalreadiness.5.3.6 LRT-Support Member shall demonstrate ability toappropriately clean and maintain equipment, including docu-mentation in equipment logs and other record-keeping logs asappropriate.5.4 Team Rescue Equipment:5.4.1 LRT-Support Member shall be familiar with teamresc
30、ue equipment identified and commonly used by the AHJ.Such equipment may include, but not be limited to:5.4.1.1 Medical equipment.5.4.1.2 Patient packaging equipment.5.4.1.3 Technical rescue equipment.5.4.1.4 Litters.5.4.1.5 Transport vehicles.5.4.1.6 Communications equipment.5.4.2 An LRT-Support Mem
31、ber shall explain the reasons tocarry, and explain or demonstrate the use of, all rescueequipment required by the AHJ.5.4.3 Able to inspect team equipment for the purpose ofidentifying wear, damage, and operational readiness.4It is the intent of Committee F32 to develop certain skill set-specificend
32、orsements that will augment this document. The intent is to provide additionalguidance for training to specific technical capabilities or disciplines found in rescueincluding rope rescue, swiftwater, etc.F27510925.4.4 Demonstrate ability to exercise appropriate mainte-nance procedures including clea
33、ning as well as maintenance oflogs and records.5.5 Communications:5.5.1 In addition to meeting the communications require-ments outlined in Guide F 2209, the LRT-Support Membershall be familiar and conversant in the use of Practice F 1591.5.5.2 LRT-Support Member shall be familiar and conversantin t
34、he use of Guide F 1768.6. Rescue Concepts and Capabilities6.1 LRT-Support Member shall be able to explain thefollowing basic rescue principles:6.1.1 The significance of the “Golden Hour.”6.1.2 Basic concepts of rescue triage.6.2 LRT-Support Member shall be able to demonstrate hisor her ability with
35、the following Rescue Concepts:6.2.1 Size up a rescue incident, given background informa-tion and applicable reference materials.6.2.2 Determine type of rescue needed, the number andlocation of victims, and assess resource needs (based onsize-up information).6.2.3 Recognize and manage potential site
36、hazards.6.2.4 Assess risk-benefits of a rescue operation and mitigatereasonably predictable types of rescuer and victim risk.6.2.5 Identify and discuss factors that affect rescue effi-ciency, including (but not limited to):6.2.5.1 Access time.6.2.5.2 Terrain.6.2.5.3 Vegetation and ground cover.6.2.5
37、.4 Weather.6.2.5.5 Darkness.6.2.5.6 Rescuer condition.6.2.5.7 Subject condition.6.2.5.8 Rescuer skill and proficiency.6.2.5.9 Number of subjects.6.2.5.10 Environmental hazards.6.2.6 Identify different types of patient transport devices(litters) appropriate for backcountry use and discussadvantages/d
38、isadvantages of each.6.2.7 Define the following land rescue team functions:6.2.7.1 Rescue team leader.6.2.7.2 Radio operator.6.2.7.3 Navigator.6.2.7.4 Rescue Team Member.6.3 LRT-Support Member shall be able to meet the follow-ing Rescue Capabilities:6.3.1 Self-sufficient in the normal operating envi
39、ronment fora period of at least 24 h.6.3.2 Evaluate and make necessary adaptations in order toperform their normal duties in any and all “normally expected”conditions including darkness in their normal area of operation.6.3.3 Perform normal duties in any and all terrain reason-ably likely to be enco
40、untered in the AHJ normal area ofoperation.6.3.4 Ability to understand and make necessary adjustmentsfor performing normal rescue duties under reasonably antici-pated seasonal conditions.6.3.5 Ability to understand and make necessary adjustmentsfor (including avoidance of) hazardous environments.6.3
41、.6 Ability to safely and effectively perform rescue dutieswithin an incident management system.6.3.7 Ability to Locate and Access a patient in low angleterrain in normal operating environment.6.3.8 Ability to determine and maintain a point of access tosubject and identify an escape route.6.4 LRT-Sup
42、port Member shall be able to demonstrate thefollowing Patient Stabilization and Packaging skills:6.4.1 Ability to initiate basic emergency medical care in-cluding airway, ventilation, circulation, bleeding control, spinalprecautions, and shock treatment.6.4.2 Ability to use personal protective barri
43、ers as required.6.4.3 Ability to triage victims according to local protocoland resource availability.6.4.4 Ability to package a patient into a litter, includingimplementation of provisions for:6.4.4.1 Spinal immobilization.6.4.4.2 Patient protection (thermal, environmental, etc.).6.4.4.3 Securing a
44、patient into the litter.6.4.4.4 Access to patient injuries.6.4.4.5 Access to patient care equipment.6.5 LRT-Support Member shall be able to meet the follow-ing Patient Care During Transport skills:6.5.1 Safely move a victim in a litter across and through alow-angle terrain.6.5.2 Familiarity with uni
45、que needs and challenges of pa-tients during extended transport.6.5.3 Describe procedures for managing bodily fluid isola-tion and demonstrate use of personal protective techniques.6.5.4 Describe significance and methodology for adaptingimmobilization, patient protection, and security of patient inl
46、itter based on extended transport times.6.6 LRT-Support Member shall be able to meet the follow-ing Litter Transport skills:6.6.1 Demonstrate standard litter carry techniques includingtrail carry, hand pass.6.6.2 Use of litter transport assistive devices such as litterwheels, ATVs, or other equipmen
47、t.6.6.3 Ability to assist in the loading and transport of littersusing aircraft available to/used by the AHJ.6.6.4 Perform ground support operations for helicopteractivities, including the following:6.6.4.1 Familiarity with helicopter types and use.6.6.4.2 Ability to use type-specific personal prote
48、ctiveequipment.6.6.4.3 Familiarity with and ability to work safely aroundaircraft.6.6.4.4 Ability to establish and control landing zones.6.6.4.5 Familiarity with aircraft safety systems.6.6.4.6 Knowledge of aircrew communications methods.F27510936.7 LRT-Support Member shall demonstrate the following
49、Incident Termination skills:6.7.1 Ability to transfer a victim to emergency medicalservices (EMS) according to local medical protocols.6.7.2 Ability to secure a scene, including ensuring that allrescuers are out of the field and equipment is secured.6.7.3 Ability to conduct an incident debrief with rescuepersonnel.7. Keywords7.1 Incident; Rescue; Rescuer; Responder; Response; SAR;Search and Rescue; Training; QualificationsASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this s
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