ASTM F2958-2014 Standard Guide for Helicopter Inland Search and Rescue &40 SAR&41 Technician《直升机内陆搜救(SAR)技师的标准指南》.pdf

1、Designation: F2958 14Standard Guide forHelicopter Inland Search and Rescue (SAR) Technician1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2958; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A num

2、ber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training standardfor a helicopter inland search and rescue technician (hereafterknown as Helicopter SAR

3、 Technician) with focus on thegeneral, field, and search and rescue specific knowledge, skills,and abilities needed to function as a member of the crew witha helicopter in support of an inland search and rescue opera-tion.1.2 This guide is focused on inland, non-oceanic areas ofoperation, including

4、flood and swiftwater rescue operations.1.3 This guide is focused on persons functioning as acrewmember with helicopters only; no fixed-winged operationsare included.1.4 General, field, and search and rescue specific knowledgeand skills related to inland search and rescue are found in thefollowing re

5、ferencedASTM documents: F1591, F1633, F1739,F1846, F2209, F2685, and F2751. The training identified inthis guide supplements and enhances the search and rescuetechnicians existing training, knowledge, and skills.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associa

6、ted with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1591 Practice for Visual Signals Between Persons on theGrou

7、nd and in Aircraft During Ground EmergenciesF1633 Guide for Techniques in Land SearchF1739 Guide for Performance of a Water RescuerLevel IF1846 Practice for Symbols and Markings for Use WithLand Search MapsF2209 Guide for Training of Level I Land Search TeamMemberF2685 Guide for Training of a Land S

8、earch Team Leader(STL)F2751 Guide for Training of Support Level Land RescueTeam Member (LRT-Support) Member3. Terminology3.1 Acronyms:3.1.1 AGLAbove Ground Level3.1.2 AHJAuthority Having Jurisdiction3.1.3 ANVISAviators Night Vision Imaging System3.1.4 CRMCrew Resource Management3.1.5 FLIRForward Loo

9、king Infra-Red3.1.6 HEEDHelicopter Emergency Egress Device3.1.7 HELPHeat Escape Lessening Posture3.1.8 HSHeliSpot3.1.9 HUETHelicopter Underwater Egress3.1.10 LZLanding Zone3.1.11 PCDSPersonnel Carrying Device System3.1.12 PFDPersonal Flotation Device3.1.13 PPEPersonal Protective Equipment3.1.14 SARS

10、earch and Rescue3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 altitude, nthe height expressed in units of distanceabove a reference plane, usually above mean sea level or aboveground level.3.2.2 authority having jurisdiction (AHJ), nanorganization, office, or individual responsible for en

11、forcing therequirements of a code or standard, or for approvingequipment, materials, and installation or procedure.3.2.3 crewmember, nan individual assigned a duty in ahelicopter during flight time.33.2.4 crew resource management (CRM), na method foraddressing the challenge of optimizing the human/m

12、achineinterface and accompanying interpersonal activities to include1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Searchand Rescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.03 on Personnel,Training and Education.Current edition approved May 1, 2014. Published July 2

13、014. DOI: 10.1520/F2958-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Aviation Training Glossary, https

14、:/www.iat.gov/Training/pages/online.asp;14CFR1.1: FAA Definitions.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1activities which may include team building, informationsharing, problem solving, decision making, and maintainingsituati

15、onal awareness. CRM is the use of all availableresources, information, equipment, and people to achieve safeand efficient flight operations.43.2.5 emergency, n(a) life-threateninga situation or oc-currence of a serious nature, developing suddenly and unex-pectedly and demanding immediate action to p

16、revent loss oflife. (b) operationalan unforeseen combination of circum-stances that calls for immediate action, but not life-threatening.3.2.6 external load, na load that is carried, or extends,outside of the aircraft fuselage.33.2.7 flightcrew member, nmeans a pilot, flight engineer,or flight navig

17、ator assigned to duty in an aircraft during flighttime.53.2.8 ground visibility, nprevailing horizontal visibilitynear the earths surface as reported by the United StatesNational Weather Service or an accredited observer.33.2.9 helicopter, nmeans a rotorcraft that, for its horizon-tal motion, depend

18、s principally on its engine-driven rotors.33.2.10 helicopter SAR crew chief, nan individual respon-sible for all operations and equipment starting from behind theflight deck within the helicopter and under the supervision ofthe pilot or co-pilot.3.2.11 helicopter SAR technician, na member of the fli

19、ghtcrew that conducts tasks as planned and assigned by thehelicopter SAR crew chief.3.2.12 HELP position, nheat escape lessening posture(HELP) is a single subject water rescue technique for heatconservation when immersed in cold water. This techniqueconserves heat by using personal flotation devices

20、, clothing,and body posture to limit exposure of the bodys major heatloss areas to the cold water.3.2.13 marshal, helicopter, na person on the groundresponsible for communicating with and guiding the helicopterto a landing zone or HeliSpot.3.2.14 personal flotation device (PFD), na buoyant devicesui

21、table for use by one subject in water emergencies. Thesedevices may be vests, ring buoys, life preservers, cushions, andother special purpose buoyant devices.3.2.15 rescue strop, nan item of equipment that is fittedaround the patient, under the arms and across the back andsecured in front of the che

22、st to secure the patient to a rescueline or helicopter hoist cable.3.2.16 trail line/tag line, ncord or line manipulated fromthe ground used to control and guide rescue equipment to thehelicopter during hoisting operations.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide establishes the minimum standard for tr

23、ain-ing a Helicopter SAR Technician, who is a crewmember withfocus on the general, field, and search and rescue specificknowledge, skills, and abilities needed to function within ahelicopter in support of an inland search and rescue operation.A person trained to this guide shall be recognized as aHe

24、licopter SAR Technician crewmember.4.2 Every person who is identified as a Helicopter SARTechnician shall meet the requirements of this guide.4.3 This guide is to be used by individuals and authoritieshaving jurisdiction (AHJs) that wish to identify the minimumtraining standards for Helicopter SAR T

25、echnician.4.4 This guide is the first level of training for HelicopterSAR Ttechnician and as such, only establishes the minimumknowledge and skills required to perform during helicopteroperations.4.5 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is anoutline of the topics required for training

26、 or evaluating aHelicopter SAR Technician, and it can be used to develop atraining document or program.4.6 This guide does not stand alone and must be used withthe referenced documents to provide the specific informationneeded by a Helicopter SAR Technician.4.7 Though this guide establishes the mini

27、mum standards, itdoes not imply that a Helicopter SAR Technician is “intraining,” “on probation,” or in any other similar AHJ memberstatus. It is up to the AHJ to determine the requirements andqualifications for member ratings.4.8 The knowledge, skills, and abilities requirements pre-sented in the f

28、ollowing sections are not presented in anyparticular order and do not represent any specific trainingsequence.4.9 A Helicopter SAR Technician shall meet the ASTMstandards for the environments for which the technician will beworking and shall be able to interface with ground SARresources.4.9.1 In ord

29、er to operate safely around or in a givensub-environment within this area of specialization (HelicopterSAR Technician), the AHJ shall consider the applicability ofrequiring additional knowledge, skills, and abilities specific toa problem, hazard, technical challenge or environment.5. General Knowled

30、ge, Skills, and Abilities5.1 The Helicopter SAR Technician shall be able to explain:5.1.1 The organizations operational structure.5.1.2 The overview and philosophy of a helicopter SARmission.5.1.3 The general tactics related to aerial search and rescueoperations.5.1.4 The environmental knowledge com

31、mensurate with theoperating area.5.1.5 The regulations, policies, procedures, and guidelineswith regard to helicopter technician training.5.2 The Helicopter SAR Technician shall have the ability tobe deployed and retrieved by helicopter based on type ofaircraft used, equipment and agency policies, p

32、rocedures, andguidelines. These tactics may include external load operations.4Federal Aviation Administration, https:/www.faa.gov; Section II.8.5 CrewResource Management.5Federal Aviation Administration, DOT, 14CFR1.1 Definitions and Abbre-viations.F2958 1425.2.1 Demonstrates proper use of hand sign

33、als (see X1.7 forexample).5.2.2 Demonstrates appropriate movements in aircraft cabinwhile in flight.5.3 A Helicopter SAR Technician shall explain the purposeof and demonstrate the function of the following rescueequipment:5.3.1 Helicopter SAR Technician harness (personnel carry-ing device system (PC

34、DS).5.3.2 Subject rescue adjuncts (subject harnesses, strops,litters, baskets).5.3.3 Tether straps (travel restraint).5.3.4 Carabiners, snap hooks, and other applicable hard-ware.5.3.5 Operation of doors, seat belts, and hatches.5.3.6 Inspection of all applicable search and rescue helicop-ter equipm

35、ent.5.3.7 Explain the use of vision enhancing equipment includ-ing but not limited to Electro Optical, Forward LookingInfra-Red (FLIR), and Aviators Night Vision Imaging System(ANVIS).5.4 The Helicopter SAR Ttechnician shall explain the needfor and demonstrate the use of Personal Protective Equipmen

36、t(PPE) for flight operations to include at a minimum:5.4.1 Fire resistant clothing (flight suit).5.4.2 Fire resistant gloves.5.4.3 Fire resistant boots.5.4.4 Active/passive hearing protection.5.4.5 Approved helicopter flight helmet.5.4.6 Personal equipment (survival). See X1.8 for a list ofsuggested

37、 survival equipment for individuals.5.4.7 Clothing appropriate for anticipated weather condi-tions.5.5 A Helicopter SAR Technician shall demonstrate theability to coordinate a mission with the flight crew based on thespecific incident and the related needs, including:5.5.1 Participate in developing

38、a plan for accomplishing themission in the most efficient and safe manner.5.5.2 Assist flight crew with aircraft configuration.5.5.3 Identify and mitigate flight and mission hazards.5.5.4 Explain fuel consumption with regards to aircraftendurance and limits for safe landing.5.6 A Helicopter SAR Tech

39、nician shall assist crew chief/pilot in preparing cargo load and have knowledge of:5.6.1 Emergency procedures.5.6.2 Special mission requirements.5.6.3 Hazardous materials.5.7 A Helicopter SAR Technician shall participate in andexplain the purpose of the initial operational briefing anddemonstrate th

40、e ability to provide a safety briefing for passen-gers.5.8 A Helicopter SAR Technician shall understand thegeneral concepts related to risk assessment and management ofa helicopter operation, including:5.8.1 The general concepts of CRM.5.8.2 The general concepts of flight physiology.5.8.3 The genera

41、l concepts of aerospace physiology at theawareness level, including physiological effects on the humanbody, and the normal area of operation.5.8.4 The general concepts related to high altitude opera-tions and physiology.5.8.5 The concepts related to fatigue management.5.8.6 The general concepts rela

42、ted to night adaptation.5.8.7 The general concepts related to spatial disorientation.5.8.8 The general concepts related to aircraft performanceduring extreme hot/cold temperatures.5.8.9 The general concepts of how weather impacts ahelicopter operation such as storms, fog, rain, clouds, andwind.5.8.1

43、0 The general knowledge, skills, and abilities neces-sary to survive in the operational environment before, during orafter an event that requires an individual to perform survivalskills to preserve personal life and limb.5.9 A Helicopter SAR Technician shall be able to demon-strate the following sub

44、ject management procedures and skills:5.9.1 Direct a ground rescue crew to the subjects location.5.9.2 Prioritize subjects in the event of a multi-casualtyevent.5.9.3 Proper subject extraction.5.9.4 Single/multiple subject recovery into cabin area dur-ing operations.5.9.5 Proper securing of subject

45、inside aircraft during trans-port.5.9.6 Facilitate subject management during external loadoperations as well as during other types of retrieval.5.9.7 Proper subject management in extraction proceduresincluding subjects located on cliffs, on slopes or in trees.5.9.8 Use of a trail line/tag line.5.10

46、A Helicopter SAR Technician shall be able to explainand demonstrate the general concepts related tocommunications, including:5.10.1 Radio procedures, protocols, and systems.5.10.2 Operate the radio equipment.5.10.3 Relay position coordinates by radio using the appro-priate datum/format.5.10.4 Receiv

47、e position coordinates by radio.5.10.5 Plot coordinates and assist pilot in navigating andlocating destination.5.10.6 Ensure assigned aircraft and personal radios arefunctional prior to commencing daily operations.5.10.7 Check/change batteries.5.10.8 Perform radio check with personnel or aircraft on

48、deck.5.11 AHelicopter SAR Technician shall be able to constructand prepare landing areas, Landing Zone (LZ) or HeliSpot(HS):5.11.1 Determine predominant wind direction and provideindicator (for example, wind sock, flagging tape).5.11.2 Demonstrate how to set up clear approach anddeparture paths.5.11

49、.3 Identify and advise pilot of any hazard on the groundor in the air (for example, wires, towers, fences).F2958 1435.11.4 Determine if the terrain is sloping and whether or notthe angle is within acceptable limits. Advise accordingly.5.11.5 Explain the inherent risks associated with a LZsituated in snow.5.12 A Helicopter SAR Technician shall be able to act as ahelicopter marshal in a LZ or HS and demonstrate and/orexplain the following:5.12.1 Use appropriate hand signals.5.12.2 Wear appropriate PPE (goggles, hearing protection,and high