1、Designation: F2960 15F2960 16Standard Practice forPermanent Amusement Railway Ride Tracks and RelatedDevices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2960; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard applies to design, manufacture, installation, operation, maintenance, and inspection of permanent amusement
3、railway ride(s) that have a track gauge greater than or equal to 12 in. (305 mm) measured between the heads of the rails and theirrelated devices and facilities, for example, bridges, tunnels, and signal support structures, excluding rolling stock. This “track”specific standard provides requirements
4、 which are not covered in the “core” or “supporting” standards of the ASTM F24committee.1.2 This standard does not apply to track of rides, such as roller coasters, that may resemble railways, but may fall within thescope of Practice F2291-11 or Practice F1159-02 and does not apply to funiculars as
5、defined in ANSI B77.2 or BS EN 1907.1.3 This standard does not apply to Amusement Railway Rides and their associated track, devices and facilities that aremanufactured and intended for use as a portable amusement ride or attraction.1.4 This standard does not apply to permanently installed amusement
6、railway rides and tourist railways, and their associatedtrack, devices and facilities that are under the jurisdiction of the United States Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) in wholeor part, or national equivalent.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, a
7、ssociated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F747 Terminology Relating to Amusement Rides and DevicesF
8、770 Practice for Ownership, Operation, Maintenance, and Inspection of Amusement Rides and DevicesF1159 Practice for Design of Amusement Rides and Devices that are Outside the Purview of Other F24 Design StandardsF1193 Practice for Quality, Manufacture, and Construction of Amusement Rides and Devices
9、F2137 Practice for Measuring the Dynamic Characteristics of Amusement Rides and DevicesF2291 Practice for Design of Amusement Rides and Devices2.2 Industry Standards:AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering (2013)AWPA U1 (American Wood Preservers Association Standard) The Use Category System (2013)BS EN
10、 1907 Safety Requirements for Cableway Installations Designed to Carry PersonsTerminology (Funiculars) (2005)Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways (MUTCD) (2009)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 amusement railway ride, nan amusement ride that may have multiple vehicles
11、 (for example, locomotive(s), coach(es),etc.) linked together, at least one of which has on board mechanical propulsion that has an on board operator(s), utilizing flanged1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F24 on Amusement Rides and Devices and is the direct responsibility o
12、f Subcommittee F24.60 on SpecialRides/Attractions.Current edition approved April 1, 2015Nov. 1, 2016. Published May 2015November 2016. Originally approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 20142015 asF2960 14.F2960 15. DOI: 10.1520/F2960-15.10.1520/F2960-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, v
13、isit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM stan
14、dard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by AST
15、M is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1wheels on railroad type rails with a gauge of 12 in. or greater, that is insular to national regulations, which is designated by theDesigner/E
16、ngineer as an amusement railway ride.3.1.2 Type AP-A track, nactive main lines; any track where the operating speed exceeds walking speed.3.1.3 Type AP-B track, nactive passing tracks, loading tracks, classification yard tracks, and storage tracks; all other tracks(both active and inactive) that are
17、 not previously identified as Type AP-A track; tracks having an occasional use or a foreseeableneed.3.1.4 Type AP-C track, ninactive track with no current operation requirements.3.1.5 walking speed, nless than 5 ft (1.5 m) per second.4. Significance and Use4.1 The user of this standard shall be requ
18、ired to review and comply with the referenced “core”ASTM F24 Committee standardsin 2.1 of this standard. Modified or alternate requirements to those standards may be required in this standard.4.1.1 Amusement railway sub-systems may be built to various scales, that is, rolling stock maybe to one scal
19、e and the track toanother but have common gauge. The railroads documentation or maintenance manuals shall identify the railroad standards of therespective subsystems/interfaces.4.1.2 The Designer/Engineers requirements shall consider the track equipment manufacturers and rolling stock manufacturersr
20、equirements and shall determine their appropriate interfaces.5. Design5.1 Design of roadway (track, ties, roadbed, and roadbed shoulder) shall be performed or overseen by the Designer/Engineerknowledgeable in Railway Engineering.5.1.1 The Designer/Engineer shall specify the preparation of the road b
21、ed and ballast to support the rail system based uponexpected loads.5.1.2 Drains:5.1.2.1 Size and DesignDitches and other drainage structures (culverts, drains, and drop inlets) shall be of sufficient size andconstruction to handle the flow of water from rain, snow, and irrigation.5.1.3 Ballast:5.1.3
22、.1 The Designer/Engineer shall specify if ballast shall be used.5.1.3.2 If required, the Designer/Engineer shall specify the tamping of the ballast.5.2 Cross Ties:5.2.1 A cross tie is a structure placed transversely under both rails and secured to both rails.5.2.2 Cross ties shall maintain track gau
23、ge.5.2.3 Cross ties shall contribute to rail alignment.5.2.4 Cross ties shall be made of a size and material to which rail can be securely fastened and support and distribute the loadfrom the rails to the ballast or grade.5.2.5 Tie Selection:5.2.5.1 Ties shall possess the following attributes:(1) Ma
24、de of a size and material to which rail can be securely fastened.(2) Provide sufficient compressive size and strength to withstand and distribute rail and train loading to the ballast or grade.5.2.5.2 Wood TiesWood ties shall meet the requirements specified in industrially recognized standard, for e
25、xample, AREMAManual for Railway Engineering, or as specified by an Designer/Engineer.5.2.5.3 Similar ties to wood (including plastic or composite ties) may be used provided they perform the functions above, forexample, rails attached to concrete tie, steel or concrete in road crossings or in streets
26、 and are designed for the loads.5.2.5.4 The rails shall be attached to ties or the similar systems with fasteners such that the rails are adequately supported.Drilling of the rail flange is not allowed.5.2.5.5 Used TiesTies may be reused provided they are not considered defective as described in 9.8
27、.5.1 but may contain holesfrom prior use. Ties maybe flipped over to provide new spiking surfaces.5.2.6 Tie SpacingNominal tie spacing shall be established by the Designer/Engineer and be based upon the expected load.Also, see X5.2.6 on thematic ties.5.3 Tie PlatesTie plates are not a requirement of
28、 this standard.5.3.1 If canted tie plates are used, each shall incline the top of the rail towards the centerline of the track. If tie plates are used,flat and canted tie plates shall not be mixed in the same rail section.5.4 Spikes (or fasteners):5.4.1 Rails shall be secured at every tie. The rail
29、shall have a sufficient number and strength of spikes (fasteners) to effectivelymaintain gauge and provide sufficient rail restraint.5.4.2 Spiking PatternReserved.F2960 1625.5 Joints:5.5.1 Joint BarsJoint bars, if used, shall join rail sections together and shall match the rail size.5.5.1.1 Only met
30、al joint bars are allowed. At insulated joints, an insulated metal bar with insulated bolt holes shall be used.5.5.1.2 Compromise JointsRails of different size or section shall be joined with properly designed and constructedcompromise bars, taper rails, or offset welds.5.5.1.3 Welded joints are acc
31、eptable when appropriately designed for the railway installation and specific processes (forexample, annealing) are specified. Aluminum rail which has been welded shall not be used.5.5.1.4 As a minimum, the threaded end of the bolt shall be flush with or proud of the nut.5.5.2 Joint GapA gap between
32、 rail ends shall be installed to provide for thermal expansion resulting from maximum andminimum temperature difference within the year or other means approved by the Designer/Engineer.5.6 Rail AnchorsRail anchors shall not be used on open deck bridges. An open deck bridge is a bridge with no floor.
33、5.7 Gauge Rods:5.7.1 A gauge rod is a device threaded at its ends with features at its end that attach to opposing rails for the purpose ofmaintaining the gauge distance between those rails (See Fig. 1).5.7.2 ApplicationIf used, gauge rods shall be installed at right angles to the rail with the jaws
34、 firmly gripping the base of therail.5.8 RailRail shall meet the requirements of the Designer/Engineer.5.8.1 Short RailShort rails and joint gap fillers shall provide wheel guidance to mitigate a derailment at the maximum speedstipulated by the Operator.5.9 Track GeometryOne rail shall be designated
35、 as the line rail. The alignment of the track is established by this rail. Eitherrail may be used as the line rail on tangent track so long as the same rail is used for the entire length of the tangent.5.9.1 In curves, the inside rail is designated as the grade rail. The grade rail is the reference
36、from which super-elevation isapplied to the outside rail of the curve.5.9.2 The following figures define track geometry for all gauges that shall be used by the Designer/Engineer to establish therequirements for the track. These figures will be referenced in subsequent sections.5.9.3 GaugeGauge is t
37、he distance between a point one-half the depth of the rail head below the top surface of the two railsmeasured at right angles to the rail or, for standard gauge, 58 in. (15.9 mm) below the railhead as shown in Fig. 9. The minimumand maximum gauges shall be determined using Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 respect
38、ively.5.9.3.1 Gauge less than standard or if the rails are cantedGauge is the minimum distance between the rail heads, measuredat right angles to the rails at the rail head. Canted rail is the inclination of both rails towards the center line of the track, typicallyby the use of inclined tie plates,
39、 usually at an incline of 1 in 20. See Fig. 10.5.9.3.2 In curves the gauge, as defined in 5.9.3, shall be adjusted for the degree of curvature, the tread width and wheel baseof the rolling stock but shall not exceed the values of Fig. 4. (See X5.9.3.2 for definition of degree of curvature.)5.10 Cros
40、s Level:5.10.1 DefinitionCross level is the difference in elevation between the top surfaces of the two rails measured at right anglesto the track, as shown in Fig. 115.10.2 Designated Cross LevelOn tangent track, the cross level shall be zero 6 tolerance specified by the Designer/Engineer.On curved
41、 track, the designated cross level is equal to the designated super elevation (see 5.11). Between the tangent and curvedtrack is the transition track. Super elevation in the transition varies from level at the tangent to full super elevation at the curve.5.11 Super ElevationSuper elevation is the ba
42、nking of track by raising of the outside rail or lowering of the inside rail in acurve. The amount of super elevation is a function of the degree of curvature, proposed speed of the train and the location of thecenter of gravity of the train vehicles. The super elevation shall be designed so that th
43、e combined force vectors from the weightof the train and the centripetal forces due to the trains speed in a curve shall act as a combined force vector intersecting the tiesurface between the rails (stable) versus outside the rails (unstable). The design shall use a train speed from zero to the maxi
44、mumspeed, including over speed conditions, to ensure overturning stability is provided.5.12 Turnouts:FIG. 1 Gauge Rods (installed on rails, ties and tie plates not shown)F2960 1635.12.1 TurnoutThe section of rail from the tip of switch points (point of switch) to the heel of the frog shall be consid
45、eredthe turnout.5.12.2 General requirements for turnouts.5.12.3 MaterialsAll materials used within the limits of a turnout shall be specified by an Designer/Engineer and not be flamecut after manufacture.FIG. 2 Nominal Track Gauge (AAR stands for American Association of Railroads, TW stands for Trea
46、d Width)FIG. 3 Minimum Gauge for Tangent and Curved TrackFIG. 4 Maximum Gauge for Tangent and Curved TrackFIG. 5 Minimum Check Gauge for Guard Rails in Turnouts and Rail Crossings (FW stands for Flange Width)F2960 1645.12.4 RailAll rail used within a turnout shall be of the same weight and section.
47、Compromise joints are not permitted withina turnout.5.12.5 TiesThe requirements in 5.2 of this standard shall apply to ties within the limits of a turnout.FIG. 6 Maximum Guard Face Check Gauge in Turnouts and Rail CrossingsFIG. 7 Placement of Switch Point Rail to Prevent Hollow Wheels from Impinging
48、 on the Stock Rail unless it can be shown that wornhollow treads do not and will not be operated over the switch (see 5.12.9.2)FIG. 8 Turnout Frog Minimum Guard Rail Length (FG stands for Frog Gap)F2960 1655.12.6 Stub SwitchesStub switches may be used and all rules within this standard applying to t
49、urnouts shall apply to stubswitches except those rules regarding the switch itself. When used, operating speed over stub switches shall be limited to twicewalking speed.5.12.6.1 Stock and closure rails shall be securely fastened and provide for proper alignment at the approach track end when themoveable approach track is thrown in either direction. The rail ends of both the approach track and the stock and closure rails shallbear on a common tie or contiguous bearing plate, or both. Means shall be provided to prevent misalignment between
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