1、Designation: F2961 15Standard Test Method forCharacterizing Gripping Performance of Gloves Using aTorque Meter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2961; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is used for evaluating how glovesaffect an individual wearers ability to grip onto a hard surfaceobjec
3、t.1.1.1 This test method establishes procedures for measuringthe maximum torque that can be attained by individuals barehand as compared to the maximum torque that is attained bythe same individual wearing a glove. The torque is applied toa vertically-mounted pole attached to a torque meter.1.2 This
4、 test method is suitable for evaluating gloves andother forms of hand protection that require the wearer tomaintain a secure hold on objects.1.3 This test method does not address all effects of wearinggloves on hand functions. Other test methods include those forevaluating the effect of wearing glov
5、es on dexterity, tactility,and other aspects of functional performance.1.4 It is the responsibility of the test laboratory to obtain thenecessary and appropriate approval(s) required by their insti-tution for conducting tests using human subjects.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
6、asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine th
7、e applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precis
8、ion of a Test MethodF1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing2.2 NFPA Standards:3NFPA 1971 Standard on Protective Ensembles for StructuralFire Fighting and Proximity Fire Fighting3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of other protective clothing-related termsused in this test method, refer to Te
9、rminology F1494.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The maximum torque applied to a vertically orientedcylindrical rod is measured without gloves and then later whilewearing gloves. The bare hand maximum torque is comparedto the gloved hand maximum torque in terms of a percentage.This percentage is useful
10、in determining if a glove enhances ordecreases an individuals ability to grip a hard object.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is intended to provide a quantitativemeasurement of wearing gloves on an individuals ability togrip a solid object and twist in a defined direction. The grippingper
11、formance may be different if twisted in the opposingdirection or if pushing or pulling on a solid object whilegripping.5.2 This method was originally developed to help under-stand how materials and construction of firefighting glovesaffected grip. Methods available at the time showed very littlestat
12、istical difference between a wide range of gloves includingmany NFPA 1971 compliant firefighting gloves and alsonon-compliant gloves used in other applications. This methodwas shown to have less subject-to-subject variability and agreater range of measured grip than previous tests.41This test method
13、 is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.60 on Human Factors.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2015. Published March 2015. Originallyapproved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as F296
14、1 14. DOI:10.1520/F296115.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from National Fire Prote
15、ction Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.4Ross, Barker, Watkins, and Deaton, “Methods for Measuring the Grip Perfor-mance of Structural Firefighting Gloves,” Performance of Protective Clothing andEquipment: Emerging Issues and Technologies,” ASTM STP 15
16、44, Vol 9, A.Shepherd Ed., ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.3 It is possible to apply this test method to other types ofgloves, other than structural firefighting protec
17、tive gloves.Evaluate the relevance of this test method by examining theparticular application of the gloves for end user grippingcapability. In addition, understand how this test method ranksgloves in comparison with end user perceptions.5.4 This test method does not discriminate all glove effectson
18、 wearer hand function nor does it apply to all glove types andapplications. Consider additional evaluations or tests represen-tative of the glove use applications performed to determine theoverall impact of gloves on wearer hand functions.6. Apparatus6.1 Testing ApparatusThe device used to character
19、ize thegripping performance of gloves consists of a torque meter withadjustable rod holder and a smooth acrylic cylindrical rod (Fig.1). The rod is secured tightly in the adjustable rod holderattached to the torque meter.6.2 Use a torque meter capable of meeting the followingrequirements:6.2.1 Measu
20、ring 0 to 10.0 6 0.5 Nm (88.5 6 4.5 lb-in.).6.2.2 Able to be fastened in place or heavy enough to beimmobile during testing.6.2.3 Able to measure torque in either a clockwise orcounter-clockwise direction.6.2.4 Fitting with an adjustable rod holder fixed to the uppersurface of the meter.6.2.4.1 The
21、rod holder has four metal pins protrudingupwards from the surface. Use 10 mm diameter pins thatprotrude 30 mm from the surface of the holder.(1) Cover the metal pins with a rubber material that isbetween 2.5 and 3.0 mm thick.6.3 Use transparent cast acrylic rod meeting the followingrequirements:6.4
22、Measures 600 mm (24 in.) in length and has a diameterof 41.5 mm (1.625 in.).6.4.1 Has a surface roughness value of 0.10 6 0.05 m (4 62 in.) and is free of visual scratches and blemishes.6.4.2 Use an acrylic rod with four grooves cut into thebottom of the rod. Grooves should match the size of the pin
23、swith rubber covering.6.4.2.1 Fig. 2 shows an example of a rod cut with groovesat the bottom.7. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units7.1 Use a minimum of three glove specimens for testingeach model or type of glove.7.1.1 Use right-handed glove specimens for right-handdominant test subjects and le
24、ft-handed glove specimens forleft-hand dominant test subjects.7.1.2 Each glove specimen shall be tested by a differenthuman subject.7.2 Each glove specimen shall be tested in a new, as-distributed, condition.7.2.1 Do not use glove specimens that are treated, broken-in, or conditioned in any manner o
25、ther than specified in this testmethod prior to their evaluation unless otherwise specified.8. Conditioning8.1 Condition all glove specimens at a temperature of 21 63C (70 6 5F), and a relative humidity of 65 6 5 %, untilequilibrium is reached, as determined in accordance withPractice D1776 or for a
26、t least 24 h.9. Procedure9.1 Use a minimum of three test subjects with similar handsizes.9.1.1 Only use test subjects that obtain a bare hand averagemaximum torque applied value TBgreater than 4.5 Nm butless than 9.0 Nm.9.1.2 Fit the dominant hand of each test subject with a newglove, appropriately
27、sized, in accordance with the manufactur-ers recommendations for the selection and fit of availableglove sizes.FIG. 1 Acrylic Rod Attached to a Torque MeterF2961 1529.2 Conduct the test without the test subjects knowledge ofthe torque applied, that is, the test subject shall not be able toobserve th
28、e reading from the torque meter or learn of theapplied torque during any attempt to twist the rod.9.3 No more than five different glove specimens shall betested by the same test subject on the same day to reduce handfatigue.9.4 Conduct a bare hand torque measurement using asubjects dominant hand at
29、the beginning of a testing cycle. Atesting cycle consists of a bare hand measurements followed bygloved hand measurements.9.4.1 If conducting more than one testing cycle subjectsmust wait 15 minutes before conducting the next cycle oftesting. In addition, the glove specimens should be tested in aran
30、dom order.9.4.2 Set the torque meter to read a counter-clockwisetorque for right-handed dominant test subjects. Set the torquemeter to read a clockwise torque for left-hand dominant testsubjects.9.4.3 Test subjects stand such that they grab the acrylic rodwith the elbow bent at a right angle and the
31、 upper arm againstthe side of the body.9.4.3.1 Adjust the height of the test apparatus to provide thebody and arm orientation described in 9.4.3.9.4.3.2 The subject shall stand with feet parallel, facing thetesting apparatus, and shoulder width apart.9.4.3.3 The subject shall place the non-dominant
32、arm at thebodys side during testing.9.4.3.4 In the correct position, the engaged arm will beparallel to the upright body from the shoulder to the elbow andperpendicular to the ventral plane of the body from the elbowto the wrist. An example can be seen in Fig. 3.9.4.4 With the bare hand firmly in gr
33、asp of the rod, eachsubject will make five successive attempts to twist the rod.Each attempt counts as a repetition.9.4.4.1 Each repetition shall last no longer than 5 s and eachsuccessive repetition shall occur within one minute of theprevious repetition.9.4.4.2 The test subjects rotation during th
34、e repetition shallbe in the wrist rather than in the shoulder. An example of howthe wrist looks before and after the twisting action can be seenin Figs. 4 and 5.9.4.4.3 Record the maximum torque applied after eachrepetition.9.4.4.4 Calculate the average maximum torque applied withthe bare hand over
35、the five attempts and identify it as TB.9.5 Use the same hand for glove specimen testing as usedfor the bare handed tests.9.5.1 Test subjects don glove specimen and stand such thatthey grab the acrylic rod with the elbow bent at a right angleand the upper arm against the side of the body.9.5.1.1 Adj
36、ust the height of the test apparatus to provide thebody and arm orientation as described in 9.5.1.9.5.1.2 The subject shall stand with feet parallel, facing thetesting apparatus, and shoulder width apart.FIG. 2 Diagram of Rod Cut with Grooves at the BottomF2961 1539.5.1.3 The subject shall place the
37、 non-dominant arm at thebodys side during testing.9.5.1.4 In the correct position, the engaged arm will beparallel to the upright body from the shoulder to the elbow andperpendicular to the ventral plane of the body from the elbowto the wrist. An example of the correct position can be seen inFig. 3.
38、9.5.2 With the gloved hand firmly in grasp of the rod, eachsubject will make five successive attempts to twist the rod.9.5.2.1 Each repetition shall last no longer than 5 s and eachsuccessive repetition shall occur within one minute of theprevious repetition.9.5.2.2 The test subjects rotation during
39、 the repetition shallbe in the wrist rather than in the shoulder. An example of howthe wrist looks before and after the twisting action can be seenin Figs. 4 and 5.9.5.2.3 Record the maximum torque applied after eachattempt.9.5.2.4 Calculate the average maximum torque applied withthe gloved hand ove
40、r the five attempts and identified as TG.10. Calculation10.1 Compare the average maximum torque with a glovedhand with the bare-handed average maximum torque for eachtest subject. Calculate the percentage of bare-handed controlvalue as follows:% BHCV 5TGTB3100 (1)where:%BHCV = percentage of bare-han
41、ded control value,TG= average maximum torque applied with glovedhand, andTB= average maximum torque applied with bare hand.10.1.1 Values higher than 100 %BHCV indicate that glovestested enhances the wearers ability to grip a solid object whilevalues lower than 100 % decreases the wearers ability to
42、gripa solid object.10.2 Average the three subjects %BHCV to obtain theoverall %BHCV.FIG. 3 Example of a Correct Testing PositionF2961 15411. Report11.1 Record and report the glove size used for testing.11.2 Record and report the %BHCV for each test subject.11.3 Record and report the average %BHCV fo
43、r all testsubjects.11.4 Explain any departures from the specified apparatus orprocedure.12. Precision and Bias12.1 The precision of this test method is based on anintralaboratory study of ASTM WK33658, New Standard TestMethod for Characterizing Gripping Performance of GlovesUsing a Torque Meter, con
44、ducted in 2013. A single laboratoryparticipated in this study, testing three types of gloves. Every“test result” represents an individual determination. The labo-ratory reported four replicate test results for each glove type.Except for the use of only one laboratory, Practice E691 wasfollowed for t
45、he design and analysis of the data; the details aregiven in ASTM Research Report No. F23-1010.512.1.1 Repeatability (r)The difference between repetitiveresults obtained by the same operator in a given laboratoryapplying the same test method with the same apparatus underconstant operating conditions
46、on identical test material withinshort intervals of time would in the long run, in the normal andcorrect operation of the test method, exceed the followingvalues only in one case in 20.12.1.1.1 Repeatability can be interpreted as maximum dif-ference between two results, obtained under repeatabilityc
47、onditions that are accepted as plausible due to random causesunder normal and correct operation of the test method.12.1.1.2 Repeatability limits are listed in Table 1 below.5Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:F23-101
48、0. ContactASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.FIG. 4 Example of Wrist Before TwistingF2961 15512.1.2 Reproducibility (R)The difference between twosingle and independent results obtained by different operatorsapplying the same test method in different laboratories usingdifferent apparatus on iden
49、tical test material would, in the longrun, in the normal and correct operation of the test method,exceed the following values only in one case in 20.12.1.2.1 Reproducibility can be interpreted as maximumdifference between two results, obtained under reproducibilityconditions that are accepted as plausible due to random causesunder normal and correct operation of the test method.12.1.2.2 Reproducibility limits cannot be calculated from asingle laboratorys results.12.1.3 The above terms (repeatability and reproducibilitylimit) are used as specified in
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