1、Designation: F2973 15F2973 16Standard Specification forInsulating Lifting Links for Load Lifting Equipment WorkingNear Energized Power Lines1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2973; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the c
2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers insulating lifting links used for protection of workers positio
3、ning a load from accidental contactof the load lifting equipment with live electrical conductors, apparatus, and circuits.1.2 This specification includes design, material, and testing requirements for the manufacturer and in-service inspection, testingand care requirements for the user or the agent
4、of the user.1.3 Insulating links whose primary application does not pertain to power line electrical safety are not within the scope of thisspecification.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard do
5、es not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Stand
6、ards:2E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesF819 Terminology Relating to Electrical Protective Equipment for Workers2.2 IEEE Standard:3IEEE 4 Standard Techniques for High-Voltage Testing2.3 ISO Standard:4ISO 75001 Metallic materials - Verification of static uniaxial testing machines
7、 - Part 1: Tensile testing machines -CorrigendumMaterialsVerification of Static Uniaxial Testing MachinesPart 1: Tensile Testing MachinesCorrigendum3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology used in this specification is in accordance with Terminology F819.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Sta
8、ndard:3.2.1 design verification test, ntest made on a sample treated as representative of an industrial product.3.2.2 electrical test, na test ensuring that a product meets the minimum electrical requirements of the standard.3.2.3 flashover, na disruptive discharge over the surface of the insulating
9、 link.3.2.4 mechanical test, na test confirming that a product meets the minimum mechanical requirements of a standard.3.2.5 proof load, nspecific mechanical load applied in the performance of the proof load test.3.2.6 proof test, nmechanical and electrical tests performed by the manufacturer on all
10、 production units.3.2.7 puncture, ndisruptive discharge through an insulator.1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F18 on Electrical Protective Equipment for Workers and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF18.55 on Inspection and Non-Destructive Test Methods for A
11、erial Devices.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015Oct. 1, 2016. Published November 2015November 2016. Originally approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 20142015as F2973-14. 15. DOI: 10.1520/F2973-1510.1520/F2973-162 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or
12、contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE), 445 Hoes Ln., Piscataway, NJ 08854, http:/www.ieee.o
13、rg.4 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version.
14、 Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International,
15、100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.8 qualified personnel, npersonnel who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, professional standing, or skill,and who, by knowledge, training, and experience, have demonstrated the ability to deal wit
16、h problems relating to the subjectmatter, the work, or the project.3.2.9 rated load, nthe maximum working load.3.2.10 visual inspection, nvisual check made to detect defects that impede the performance of a product(s).4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 The mechanical design factor shall not be less tha
17、n 5.0 times its rated load for ratings up to 100 tons and 4.0 times ratedload for ratings 100 tons and up.4.2 The electrical design factor of the link shall not be less than 2 times it rated use voltage.4.3 The insulation system shall not absorb water and shall have a water repellent surface.4.4 Wea
18、ther shields shall be made of impact resistant nonconductive material.4.5 UV resistant polymers should be employed by the manufacturer if, without them, electrical performance may be affected.4.6 Steel used shall meet ASTM or AISI standards.5. Workmanship and Finish5.1 The insulating surface of the
19、links shall be free of cracks, nicks, gouges, damage to the insulating surface that would affectits insulating properties in both dry and wet conditions.5.2 MarkingsEach link should bear permanent, accessible, and readily visible markings that include, at a minimum, themanufacturers mark, ASTM XXX,
20、unit serial number, rated voltage, and rated load.5.3 ManualsThe manufacturer shall provide a manual with each link. The manual shall contain:5.3.1 Descriptions, specifications, and ratings of the link.5.3.2 Ambient temperature range for which the link is designed.5.3.3 Precautions concerning weathe
21、r.5.3.4 Instructions regarding routine and frequency of inspections and maintenance.6. General Test Requirements6.1 Personnel responsible for the tests outlined in this document shall be qualified individuals as per in accordance with 3.2.8,knowledgeable in the use of the test equipment used for ten
22、sile loading and high-voltage testing.6.2 The electrical test equipment shall meet the requirements of IEEE 4-1995. The metering systems including measurementcable used to measure AC current shall have a system error of 5 % or less.6.3 The electrical test set up shall provide the operator protection
23、 in the performance of his duties and isolate the specimen toguard against accidental contact by persons in the vicinity.6.4 The ambient temperature for the test location shall not be lower than 15.5 C.15.5C.6.5 Electrical discharge characteristics and measured current of a test object can be affect
24、ed by its general arrangement, suchas the clearance from other energized or grounded structures, the height above ground level, or the arrangement of the high-voltagelead that may affect flashover voltages. For that reason, the general arrangement should be as shown in Fig. 1 for testing links thatF
25、IG. 1 Suggested Test Set Up for Insulated LinksF2973 162are not installed on load lifting equipment.6.6 Clearance to nearby structures that are equal to or greater than two times the length of the shortest possible electricaldischarge path on the test object should make any proximity effects negligi
26、ble.7. Design Verification Tests7.1 Design verification tests are to be performed on at least one representative unit from each class of insulating link, and thiswill qualify that class of link models of variable rated loads for a given rated voltage.Atest unit is considered to be representativeof i
27、ts group if it meets the following requirements:7.1.1 The same structural and dielectric materials, structural designs, manufacturing, and assembly methods apply to all linksin the group,7.1.2 The same structural stress and loading analysis can be applied to all the links in the group,7.1.3 The test
28、 unit has the same or smaller electrical creepage and arcing distances per kV of rating.7.2 Mechanical Design Verification Test Procedure:7.2.1 The insulating link shall withstand a tensile load test of 5.0 times its rated load for rating up to 100 tons and 4.0 timesrated load for ratings 100 tons a
29、nd up for 60 s without separation. The tensile load test is to be performed on a test bed or hydraulicpulling machine calibrated to the latest revision of either ASTM E4 or ISO 75001.7.3 Electrical Design Verification Test Procedure:7.3.1 Three electrical tests to verify design voltage rating shall
30、be peformed.7.3.2 The insulating link will withstand an applied AC voltage while dry of twice the link-rated AC voltage for 5 min withoutdielectric puncture or flashover and leakage of no more than 3 mA.7.3.3 The link shall be tested to verify that it does not absorb water with time.7.3.3.1 Install
31、the link in a humidity chamber for 48 h at a temparaturetemperature between 65 and 100 F 100F with aminimum of 93 % relative humidity.7.3.3.2 Within a time frame of 5 min after removal from humidity chamber in the vertical use position, apply DCtest voltagein accordance with Table 1. Increase voltag
32、e at approximately 3 kV per second and hold for 3 min.7.3.3.3 Measure and record the leakage current.Aleakage current in excess of 2 microamps per kVthe values in Table 1 of testvoltage signifies a failure.7.3.4 The link shall be tested to verify that it has a water repellent surface.7.3.4.1 Immerse
33、 the entire link completely in a tank under tap water at room temperature for a minimum of 1 min.7.3.4.2 In the vertical use position allow to set for 2 min to allow water to run off.7.3.4.3 Apply DC test voltage in accordance with Table 1 within a time frame of 5 min after wetting. Increase voltage
34、 atapproximately 3 kV per second and hold for 3 min.7.3.4.4 Measure and record the leakage current.Aleakage current in excess of 2 microamps per kVthe values in Table 1 of testvoltage signifies a failure.8. Manufacturer Proof Tests8.1 Mechanical Proof Test Procedure:TABLE 1 Test Voltages for Typical
35、 Voltage RatingsInsulatingLifting LinksNOTE 1Insulating links manufactured with rated voltages other thanlisted can have their test voltages calculated by using the formulascontained in the tables. (AC 2)Acceptance currents are 3 mAmaximum.RatedLink Volt-age AC(RLV), kVLine toGroundEquiva-lent RLV/s
36、quareroot of 3(1.732),kVTest Volt-age (AC)RLV 2Line toGroundEquiva-lent 2AC Maxi-mumLeakagein milli-amps notto exceed3 mATest Volt-age DCkV AC 1.4DC Maxi-mumLeakage,in micro-amps25 15 30 3 mA 42 8435 20 40 3 mA 56 11250 29 58 3 mA 81 16269 40 80 3 mA 112 22475 43 86 3 mA 120 240125 72 144 3 mA 202 4
37、04175 101 202 3 mA 283 566F2973 1638.1.1 Each unit manufactured shall be subjected to an appropriate tensile proof load based on its rated load (see Table 2) for60 s without permanent deformation.The load will be increased gradually in not less than 1 min.When requested, the manufacturershall supply
38、 certification of compliance by unit serial number to the purchaser.8.2 Electrical Proof Test Procedure:8.2.1 General test requirements are given in 6.2 6.6.8.2.2 An electrical proof test will be performed by the manufacturer on each insulating link before purchase.Acopy of the prooftest report will
39、 be kept on file by the manufacturer and made available to the customer upon request.8.2.3 Electrically test the insulating link under dry conditions, applying two times the rated link voltage.Test voltages for typicalvoltage ratings are listed in Table 1.8.2.4 Test current shall be no more than 3 m
40、A and there shall be no sign of flashover or tracking.9. Field Care, Inspection and Maintenance9.1 Frequent Inspections:9.1.1 Insulating lifting links shall be inspected at frequent intervals.(a) Installation on lifting device when installed.(b) Daily before first use.9.1.2 Frequent InspectionVisual
41、 inspections by the operator or other designated personnel.(a) Frequent inspections shall include observations during operation.(b) Links shall be inspected for distortion, cracks, nicks, gouges in the meal ends and damage to the insulating surface suchas cracks, nicks, or punctures. A designated pe
42、rson shall determine whether conditions found during the inspection constitute ahazard and whether more detailed inspections are required. Cracks and other visible surface damage whose depths reach the linkcore will be cause for rejection and the link shall be removed from service and returned to th
43、e manufacturer for repair orreplacement.(c) In any condition that would moisten or wet the surface (dew, mist, rain, etc) and so forth) links should be inspected forcontamination that absorbs water over 20 % of the length of the link. Clean with a nonabrasive cleaner before returning to service.(d)
44、In any condition that would moisten or wet the surface (dew, mist, rain, etc.) and so forth) links should be inspected forwater repelling surface. Apply water by spraying or pouring to ensure it beads up as in HC1HC2 of Fig. 2. If the surface wetsor shows poor beading pattern as in HC5 and HC6 of Fi
45、g. 2, the link surface should be cleaned and waxed with a water repellingnonconductive coating such as carnuba wax.9.2 Periodic Inspections:9.2.1 Insulating lifting links shall be inspected at periodic intervals.(a) A periodic inspection shall be performed annually.(b) A periodic inspection shall be
46、 performed when an extraordinary event occurs, such as a sudden release of load, abnormalimpact, lightning strike, vandalism, or any suspected occurrence of possible damage to the insulating link. The manufacturershould be consulted to aid in evaluation and determination if suitable for continued us
47、e.9.2.2 Periodic inspections are visual inspections of apparent external conditions by a designated person.9.2.2.1 The periodic inspection shall include a detailed inspection of items listed in 9.1.2, Frequent Inspection. When theinspection indicates there may be reason to suspect the electrical or
48、mechanical integrity of the link it shall be mechanically andelectrically tested in accordance with Section 10 before return to service.9.3 Care and Maintenance:9.3.1 The link surface should be cleaned to remove any accumulations of dirt or contamination such as salt and dust particles.9.3.2 Links s
49、hould be waxed on an annual basis or as needed to ensure water beading with a carnauba wax to maintain its watershedding capability. Water should bead up on the link surface. See representative photos. Fig. 2 (HC1HC2) show good beadingpattern. HC3 and HC4 show poor beading pattern with continuous rivulets that could cause electrical failure.9.3.3 Nicks and gouges to the surface may be repaired following the link manufacturers recommendations.9.3.4 When not in use, insulating links should be stored out of the elements following the link man
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