ASTM F2987-2012(2018) Standard Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe and Fittings for Mine Heap Leach Aeration Applications.pdf

1、Designation: F2987 12 (Reapproved 2018) An American National StandardStandard Specification forCorrugated Polyethylene Pipe and Fittings for Mine HeapLeach Aeration Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2987; the number immediately following the designation indicates the

2、year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers requirements and test meth

3、odsfor materials, workmanship, dimensions, perforations, pipestiffness, elongation, joint separation resistance, quality ofextruded polyethylene, brittleness, testing, and marking ofcorrugated polyethylene (PE) pipe and fittings for mine heapleach pile aeration. It covers with nominal sizes 100 mm (

4、4in.), 150 mm (6 in.), 200 mm (8 in.), 250 mm (10 in.) 300 mm(12 in.), 375 mm (15 in.), and 450 mm (18 in.) diameter.1.2 This specification covers double wall, annular extrudedcorrugated polyethylene pipe as depicted in Fig. 1.1.3 The values in parentheses are provided for informationonly.1.4 The fo

5、llowing precautionary caveat pertains only to thetest method portion, Section 9, of this specification: Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, a

6、ndenvironmental practices and determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International St

7、andards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD1600 Terminology forAbbreviated Terms Relating to Plas-ticsD2122 Test Method for Deter

8、mining Dimensions of Ther-moplastic Pipe and FittingsD2412 Test Method for Determination of External LoadingCharacteristics of Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate LoadingD2444 Practice for Determination of the Impact Resistanceof Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings by Means of a Tup(Falling Weight)D3212 Spec

9、ification for Joints for Drain and Sewer PlasticPipes Using Flexible Elastomeric SealsD3350 Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fit-tings MaterialsD3895 Test Method for Oxidative-Induction Time of Poly-olefins by Differential Scanning CalorimetryF412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Pipi

10、ng SystemsF2136 Test Method for Notched, Constant Ligament-Stress(NCLS) Test to Determine Slow-Crack-Growth Resis-tance of HDPE Resins or HDPE Corrugated Pipe2.2 Federal Standards:3Fed. Std. No. 123 Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)Federal Emergency ManagementAgency (FEMA) TechnicalManual: Plast

11、ic Pipe Used in Embankment Dams: BestPractices for Design, Construction, Problem Identificationand Evaluation, Inspection, Maintenance, Renovation, andRepair2.3 Military Standard:3MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions used in this specification are inac

12、cordance with Terminology F412 and abbreviations are inaccordance with Terminology D1600, unless otherwise speci-fied. The abbreviation for polyethylene is PE.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 splitany break or crack that extends through thewall.3.2.2 creasea deformation that

13、cannot be removed like adent: generally associated with wall buckling.3.2.3 leachingminerals are removed (leached) from oresthat have been mined, crushed, and placed on impervious pads1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on PlasticPiping Systems and is the direct respons

14、ibility of Subcommittee F17.26 on OlefinBased Pipe.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018. Published July 2018. Originally approvedin 2012. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as F298712(2018). DOI:10.1520/F2987-12R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact

15、ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from DLA Document Services, Building 4/D, 700 Robbins Ave.,Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, http:/quicksearch.dla.mil.Copyright ASTM I

16、nternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standar

17、ds, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1for removal (by chemical leaching) by percolation of thesolution through the ore, and collection of that solution at thebottom of the heap leach pile.4. Ordering Information4.1 Orders f

18、or product made to this specification shallinclude the following information to adequately describe thedesired product:4.1.1 This ASTM designation and year of issue,4.1.2 Perforations:4.1.2.1 With perforations,4.1.2.2 Without perforations,4.1.3 Diameters,4.1.4 Total meters of each pipe diameter invo

19、lved,4.1.5 Pipe laying length,4.1.6 Fitting type(s):4.1.6.1 Size and type of fittings, including mainline andbranch diameters, and4.1.6.2 Number of fittings per diameter.5. Significance and Use5.1 Corrugated PE pipe and fittings in this standard areintended for deep underground applications under ha

20、rsh chemi-cal exposure from a corrosive effluent where they serve as heapleach pile aeration pipe under a mine heap or dump leachingprocess. Their major use is to aerate the pile to improve thechemical extraction of the desired metal by the leachate Heapleaching is used to extract copper, gold, lead

21、, nickel, silver,uranium, or zinc.6. Materials6.1 Pipe and FittingsThe pipe and fittings shall be madeof virgin PE plastic compound meeting the requirements ofSpecification D3350 cell classification 435400C or 435400E,except that carbon black content shall be equal to or greaterthan 2.0 % but not ex

22、ceed 3.0 %. Compounds that have ahigher cell classification in one or more performance propertiesshall be permitted all other product requirements are met. Forslow crack-growth resistance, resins shall be evaluated usingthe notched constant ligament stress (NCLS) test according tothe procedure descr

23、ibed in 9.9.1. Samples shall be taken fromthe extruded pipe supplied to the project. The average failuretime of the five test specimens shall exceed 24 h with no singletest specimens failure time less than 17 h. Samples taken fromthe extruded pipe supplied to the project shall have a minimumOxidativ

24、e-Induction-Time of 20 minutes when tested in accor-dance with in accordance with Test Method D3895.6.2 Rework MaterialClean rework material, generatedfrom the manufacturers own production of this product, maybe used by the manufacturer provided that the tubing andfittings produced meet all requirem

25、ents of this specification.7. General Requirements7.1 WorkmanshipThe pipe and fittings shall be homoge-neous throughout and be as uniform as commercially practicalin color, opacity, and density. The pipe walls shall be free ofcracks, holes, blisters, voids, foreign inclusions, or otherdefects that a

26、re visible to the naked eye and that may affect thewall integrity. The ends shall be cut cleanly and squarely. Holesintentionally placed in perforated pipe are acceptable.7.1.1 Visible defects, cracks, creases, splits, obstruction toflow in perforations, or in pipe are not permissible.7.2 Dimensions

27、 and Tolerance:7.2.1 Nominal SizeThe nominal size for the pipe andfittings for single profile wall and double profile wall shall bethe minimum inside diameter as shown in Table 1, rounded tothe closest whole number.7.2.2 Inside DiameterThe actual inside diameter forsingle profile wall and double pro

28、file wall shall be theminimum inside diameter with a +4.5 % or0%tolerancewhen measured in accordance with 9.3 and as shown in Table1.NOTE 1The outside diameters and the corrugation pitch of productsFIG. 1 Typical Double Wall Profile Cross-SectionTABLE 1 Double Wall Pipe Stiffness and Pipe Dimensions

29、Minimum InsideDiameterMinimum Pipe Stiffnessat 5 % DeflectionMinimum CrownThicknessMinimum LinerThicknessmm (in.) kPa (lbs/in/in) mm (in.) mm (in.)75 (3) 345 (50) 0.64 (0.025) 0.5 (0.020)100 (4) 345 (50) 0.64 (0.025) 0.5 (0.020)125 (5) 345 (50) 0.69 (0.027) 0.5 (0.020)150 (6) 345 (50) 0.71 (0.028) 0

30、.5 (0.020)200 (8) 345 (50) 0.91 (0.036) 0.6 (0.024)250 (10) 345 (50) 1.22 (0.048) 0.6 (0.024)300 (12) 345 (50) 1.80 (0.071) 0.9 (0.035)375 (15) 290 (42) 2.21 (0.087) 1.0 (0.040)450 (18) 275 (40) 3.05 (0.120) 1.3 (0.051)600 (24) 235 (34) 3.05 (0.120) 1.5 (0.060)F2987 12 (2018)2manufactured to this sp

31、ecification are not specified; therefore, compatibil-ity between pipe and fittings from different manufacturers or the samemanufacturer shall be verified.7.2.3 Minimum Crown, Liner Wall ThicknessThe mini-mum wall thickness of the pipe crown shall meet the require-ments given in Table 1 when measured

32、 in accordance with 9.4.7.2.4 LengthThe pipe shall be supplied in any lengthagreeable to both the owner and the manufacturer. Length shallnot be less than 99 % of stated quantity when measured inaccordance with 9.5.7.2.5 PerforationsPerforations shall be cleanly cut, placedin the valley of the corru

33、gation rib, and uniformly spaced alongthe length and circumference of the pipe. Pipe connected bybell and spigot joints shall not be perforated in the area of thebells and spigots. Perforations shall be placed in the top 120of the pipe.NOTE 2For heap leach aeration pipe systems, the perforation open

34、area will vary throughout the pipe run to achieve even distribution of theair through the heap leach pile. Some non-perforated pipe is required aspart of the air distribution manifold system.7.2.6 Perforation coversPerforations must be protectedfrom plugging with ore by a cover or hat as shown in Fi

35、g. 2.This cover must permit air the be discharged through theopenings between the corrugation valleys and the cover (or“hat”). The covers are equal in thickness to the pipe couplings,are produced with resins compatible to the pipe, and welded atboth longitudinal ends to the corrugation crests by ext

36、rusionwelding. Perforation covers shall be clearly marked (color,large lettering, numbers) identifying the perforation patternunder it. Spacing of the perforations and covers are determinedby the design engineer (typical 2 meters apart).7.2.7 Crown MarkingThe perforated pipe shall have clearmarking,

37、 such as a stripe, colored spots, etc., identifying thepipe crown centered over the perforations.7.3 Pipe StiffnessThe pipe shall have a minimum pipestiffness at 5 % deflection for single wall and double wall asshown in Table 1, when tested in accordance with 9.7.7.4 BrittlenessPipe and fitting spec

38、imens shall be tested inaccordance with 9.8.FIG. 2 Perforation Location and CoversF2987 12 (2018)37.5 BondThe bond between layers of laminated pipe shallbe strong and uniform. There shall be no separation of layerswhen the pipe is deflected 20 %, in accordance with TestMethod D2412, nor shall it be

39、possible to separate the layerswith the point of a knife when the pipe is in the deflectedcondition.NOTE 3This test may be conducted as a continuation of pipe stiffnesstesting as specified in 9.7.7.6 Fitting Requirements:7.6.1 The fittings shall not reduce or impair the overallintegrity or function

40、of the pipe line.NOTE 4Common corrugated fittings include in-line joint fittings, suchas tees, Ys, reducers, couplers, elbows, and end caps. These fittings areinstalled internally or externally by various methods, such as snap-on,V-insertion, screw-on, or wrap around.NOTE 5Some corrugated fittings w

41、ill not fit all pipe. Only fittingssupplied or recommended by the pipe manufacturer should be used.7.6.2 Joints made with couplers, installed in accordancewith the manufacturers instructions. Pipe joints must bewatertight when tested in accordance with SpecificationD3212.7.6.3 Fitting specimens shal

42、l not crack or split when testedin accordance with 9.8.8. Sampling and Retest8.1 SamplingSamples of pipe and fittings sufficient todetermine conformance with this specification shall be taken atrandom from stock or from the project site by the testingagency. Samples shall be representative of the pr

43、oduct typeunder consideration. A minimum of one sample of sufficientsize to conduct all tests as required in this standard shall betaken for every 1000 meters of pipe length supplied on aproject.8.2 Retest and RejectionIf any test failure occurs, the pipeor fitting may be retested to establish confo

44、rmity. The test shallbe repeated on two additional samples from the same lot orshipment. If either of these two additional samples fail, the pipeor fitting does not comply with this specification.9. Test Methods9.1 Conditioning Test SpecimensCondition the specimenprior to test at 23 + 2 C (73.4 6 3.

45、6 F) and 50 6 5 % relativehumidity for not less than 40 h prior to the test, in accordancewith Procedure A in Practice D618 for those tests whereconditioning is required, unless otherwise specified.9.2 Test ConditionsConduct tests in laboratory atmo-sphere of 23 6 2 C (73.4 6 3.6 F) and 50 6 5 % rel

46、ativehumidity, unless otherwise specified.9.3 Inside DiameterMeasure the inside diameter of three300-mm (1 ft) specimens, with any suitable device accurate to0.8 mm (6132 in.), at two positions, namely, the block seamand 90 from the block seams, and average the six measure-ments.9.4 Minimum Crown an

47、d Liner Wall ThicknessMeasurethe thickness of the crown, valley and liner (when applicable)wall thickness in accordance with Test Method D2122. Eachspecimen shall be cut perpendicular to the seam line of the pipedirectly through a corrugation allowing a plain view of theinner wall 360 degrees around

48、 the circumference in order toobtain a minimum of eight measurements in accordance withTest Method D2122. As an alternative to Test Method D2122,minimum liner thickness is allowed to be determined with theuse of a calibrated ultrasonic thickness gauge.NOTE 6Test Method D2122 also permits the use of

49、alternate mea-surement methods such as ultrasonic gauges.9.5 LengthMeasure pipe with any suitable device accurateto1mmin3m(6132 in. in 10 ft). Make all measurements onthe pipe while it is resting on a relatively flat surface, in astraight line, with no external tensile or compressive forcesexerted on the pipe.9.6 PerforationsMeasure dimensions of perforations on astraight specimen without external forces applied. Linearmeasurements shall be made with an instrument with calibra-tion increments of 0.25 mm (0.01 in.).9.7 Pipe StiffnessSele