1、Designation: F3016/F3016M 14Standard Test Method forSurrogate Testing of Vehicle Impact Protective Devices atLow Speeds1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3016/F3016M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONCity and county governments are beginning to adopt legislation intended to reduce the increasingnumber
3、of vehicle-into-building impacts. Typically, these ordinances are enforced as part of zoninglaws, which require a protective device to be installed to protect pedestrians and storefront propertywhere nose-in or head-in parking is present. For instance, in July 2012, The County of Miami DadeFlorida a
4、dopted a zoning amendment requiring protective devices be installed to protect pedestriantraffic on sidewalks and inside storefronts for all new commercial construction. Examples of waysthese protective devices might be deployed otherwise include the protection of patrons at bus stops;storefronts of
5、 commercial entities where parking or the direction of traffic flow are perpendicular tothe building; restaurant patios bordering the street or on a sidewalk; and these protective devices couldbe used to protect propane tanks, gas pumps, and other hazardous materials to promote public safety.As the
6、demand for vehicle impact protection devices increases, the ability to evaluate whether eachprotective device performs as intended to protect the people, area, or asset is required. Guidelines havebeen developed previously to test vehicle protective devices by applying a static load at a particularl
7、ocation on the protective device. For instance, the State Fire Marshal Division of the Minnesota StateDepartment of Public Safety has issued an “Aboveground Storage Tank Plan” that discusses how toinstall above ground storage tanks. Section 3.8.1 states if a physical barrier is to be used to protect
8、 thestorage tank, it “shall be a minimum of 36 inches in height and shall resist a force of 12 000 poundsapplied 36 inches above the adjacent ground surface.” While such static test methods are beneficial incertain instances, the performance of a protective device when impacted dynamically cannot be
9、conclusively predicted using such a test method.Test Methods have been developed previously that provide for a range of impact conditions,designations, and penetration performance ratings for vehicles traveling at high speeds. Test MethodF2656 provides for high speed impact speeds of 65, 80, and 100
10、 km/h 40, 50, and 60 mph. However,no ASTM test method has been formally developed to quantify the dynamic performance of a vehicleprotective device at speeds of 50 km/h 30 mph and lower.1. Scope1.1 This test method provides a range of impact speeds to beused with a 22 250-N 5000 lb surrogate test ve
11、hicle. This testmethod establishes a range for penetration performance rat-ings. End users will be responsible for identifying the appro-priate vehicle impact speed and penetration performance rat-ings in this test method to satisfy their specific needs.1.1.1 In addition, end users may assign certif
12、ication ratingsfor vehicle protective devices based on the test methodologiesdescribed herein. Test parameters are standardized to arrive ata common vehicle weight, enhance test realism and replication,and produce uniform rating designations.1.2 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-poun
13、d units are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in noncon-formance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to
14、address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM C
15、ommittee F12 on SecuritySystems and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F12.10 onSystems Products and Services.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. DOI:10.1520/F3016_F3016M-14.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Con
16、shohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpecimens in the FieldC39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylin-drical Concrete SpecimensC136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and CoarseAggregat
17、esD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)F2656 Test Method for Vehicle Crash Testing of PerimeterBarriers2.2 AASHTO Standard:3MASH Manual for Assessing and Safety HardwareT099 Standard Method of Test for Moisture-Density Rela-tions of S
18、oils Using a 2.5-kg 5.5-lb Rammer and a305-mm 12-in. Drop2.3 ISO Standard:4ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competenceof Testing and Calibration Laboratories2.4 SAE Standards:5J2111 Instrumentation for Impact TestPart 1: ElectronicInstrumentationJ2112 Instrumentation for Impact TestPart 2:
19、 Photo-graphic Instrumentation3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 accredited independent testing laboratory, ntestinglaboratory accredited to perform the referenced testing proce-dures by a nationally recognized accrediting agency in accor-dance with ISO/IEC 17025 and led by a test director.3.1.1.1
20、DiscussionAccredited independent testing labora-tories may have no financial interest in or otherwise beaffiliated with companies or individuals for which they performaccreditation testing. Hereinafter, accredited independent test-ing laboratories are referred to as either accredited facilities orte
21、sting laboratories. Independent testing laboratories whosetesting protocols follow this test method may also conducttests, provided they are actively seeking ISO/IEC 17025.3.1.2 acceleration, vthe change of velocity with respect totime by the sign convention established by SAE J211 Section7.3.1.3 ag
22、ency, nspecifier, responsible party, or owner.3.1.4 bollard, nvertical posts or series of posts, usuallysteel, concrete, wood, or combinations of same used to channelor restrict vehicular traffic, which includes fixed, removable,and operable/retractable posts.3.1.5 channel amplitude class, nnumerica
23、lly equal to theupper limit of the measurement range.3.1.6 continuous barrier, nany protective device that re-lies on a continuous foundation or a continuous structuralelement to resist penetration by vehicles.3.1.7 debris, npost-impact protective impact device andsurrogate test vehicle components d
24、ispersed as a result ofimpact.3.1.8 ditch, nexcavation into existing grade with varyingcross sections such as “V” or “U” shaped.3.1.9 durometer, na measure of the indentation hardnessof a material.3.1.10 dynamic penetration distance, nduring the crashevent, the greater of the maximum dynamic displac
25、ement ofany portion of the protective device into the protected area ormaximum dynamic intrusion of the surrogate test vehicle intothe protected area or maximum dynamic displacement of anyportion of the protective device.3.1.10.1 DiscussionSee Fig.A1.1 for location of protectedarea and protective de
26、vice reference location.3.1.11 final resting point, ndistance from the pre-impactreference location on a protective device to the farthest portionof the protective device or surrogate test vehicle.3.1.11.1 DiscussionAdditionally, if the surrogate vehicledoes not pass the reference location, the fina
27、l resting locationshall be a negative distance as measured from the location onthe surrogate test vehicle that is closest to the referencelocation.3.1.12 impact location, nspecific location on the protec-tive device where the surrogate test vehicle will initiallycontact the protective device.3.1.12.
28、1 DiscussionThe impact location is centered on theprotective device for a bollard, concrete shape, or discretedevice (bench, planter, and so forth). The impact location is atthe mid-span of a fence, gate, post, and beam or upside down“U.” For a continuous wall, the impact location is at anexpansion
29、joint. If there is no expansion joint, then thecontinuous wall shall have an impact location at mid-span. Ifany other protective device is to be tested, the location ofimpact shall be determined as the consensus among themanufacturer, testing laboratory, and end user (when appli-cable) for the impac
30、t location. The impact location shall bechosen as a point which will exploit the weakest point of thesystem.3.1.13 penetration rating, nrating achieved by a protec-tive device based on dynamic penetration distance.3.1.14 protected area, narea, as defined by the governingagency or end user, behind th
31、e furthest lateral point of theprotective device as referenced by the data, shown in Fig.A1.1.3.1.15 protective device, nbollard, wall, fence, planter,gate, bench, or other structure that provides protection againsta vehicle entering a protected area.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM we
32、bsite, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St.
33、, NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.4Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.5Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale,PA 1509
34、6-0001, http:/www.sae.org.F3016/F3016M 1423.1.16 rated ASTM protective device, ntested protectivedevice that achieves a given penetration rating based on thesurrogate test vehicle traveling perpendicular to the protectivedevice at the defined impact location for that particular device.3.1.17 shallow
35、 mount platform, nplate, pad, or structuralfoundation resting on the surface or embedded no more than305 mm 12 in. below the surface to which one or moreprotective devices are rigidly fixed.3.1.18 supplier, nmanufacturer, distributor, designer, orconstructor of the protective device that is to be te
36、sted and caninclude contractors, engineers, and architects.3.1.19 surrogate test vehicle, na 22 250-N 5000 lbsurrogate test vehicle that is designed to replicate a commonvehicle type and weight. See Annex A2 for required specifi-cations for surrogate test vehicle.3.1.19.1 DiscussionSee Figs. A2.1 an
37、d A2.2.3.1.20 test director, nemployee of the testing laboratoryresponsible for all aspects of a test.3.2 Acronyms:3.2.1 AASHTOAmerican Association of State HighwayTransportation Officials.3.2.2 ISOInternational Organization for Standardization.3.2.3 MASHManual for Assessing Safety Hardware.3.2.4 SA
38、ESociety of Automotive Engineers.3.2.5 SUVSport Utility Vehicle.3.3 Abbreviations:3.3.1 fpsframes per second.3.3.2 ftfeet.3.3.3 gmeasure of acceleration referenced to gravity.3.3.4 in.inches.3.3.5 km/hkilometres per hour.3.3.6 kPakiloPascal.3.3.7 lbpounds.3.3.8 mmetres.3.3.9 m/smetres per second.3.3
39、.10 mphmiles per hour.3.3.11 msmilliseconds.3.3.12 Nnewtons.3.3.13 psipounds per square inch.3.3.14 ssecond.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The set of complete fabrication drawings and specifica-tions for a protective device that will be tested shall besubmitted by the supplier to the testing laborator
40、y at least 14days before testing. These documents shall become part of thepermanent test record.4.2 Before testing, an approved surrogate test vehicle speedand penetration rating is selected by the supplier in coordina-tion with the test director and other stakeholders. Additionally,if the protectiv
41、e device does not have an identified impactlocation as stated above, then the supplier, testing laboratory,and user agency or end user (when applicable) shall come to aconsensus and identify the impact location as stated in 3.1.12.4.3 There will be a minimum of one test conducted. The firsttest arti
42、cle shall be the as-built test article if not specified; testthe proposed design in washed sand. If the foundation dis-places 25 mm 1 in. or less in any direction from the initialfooting location, the system is considered rigid and no othertesting is required. If the foundation displaces greater tha
43、n 25mm 1 in. in any direction from the initial foundation location,a second test is required with the foundation encased in aconcrete slab. For protective devices on shallow mountfoundations, only a single test is required, provided theplatform is set in accordance with suppliers instruction.4.4 The
44、 test director shall determine the validity of the testand, if found valid, shall assign a speed and a penetration ratingfor the protective device.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a procedure to establish apenetration rating for vehicle protective devices subjected tolow-speed ve
45、hicle impact. Knowing the penetration ratingprovides the end user with the ability to select an appropriateprotective device for site-specific conditions.5.2 The protective device penetration rating does not implythat a device will perform as rated in all site conditions,approach routes, and topogra
46、phy. Also, this test method re-quires that the specimen only be tested at a specific impactlocation and, therefore, not all locations of impact can be testedand validated for a penetration rating. Other impact locationsmay provide different penetration ratings.6. Apparatus6.1 Appendix X1 provides re
47、commendations on methods ofdata acquisition that are required by this test method. AppendixX2 provides an example form that may be used for surrogatetest vehicle parameters to be measured before testing.6.2 Pre-test data acquisition shall document the as-built,untested protective device and surrogat
48、e test vehicle configu-ration. Documentation includes as-built specifications andfabrication drawings for the protective device, measurements,and photography. Survey locations for evaluation of any baseslab, columns, bollards, protective device, or protective devicesupport elements that may define d
49、eformation, translation,rotation, and uplift should be recorded in pre-test and post-teststates.6.3 During the test, surrogate test vehicle impact speed andimpact angle shall be measured. Video documentation, withperpendicular (profile), overhead, and downstream alignedwith the centerline of the protective device (on surrogate testvehicle) shall be provided. Oblique views are recommended.Photographic instrumentation specifications shall be in accor-dance with SAE Standard J2112. Minimum high-speed filmor video sha
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