ASTM F3060-2014 Standard Terminology for Aircraft《飞行器的标准术语》.pdf

1、Designation: F3060 14Standard Terminology forAircraft1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3060; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year

2、of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology contains a listing of terms,abbreviations, acronyms, and symbols related to aircraft cov-ered by ASTM Committees F37 and F44 airworthiness designstandards. It

3、is intended to ensure the consistent use ofterminology throughout all ASTM light aircraft standards.1.2 UnitsThe definitions of units will be as defined inNIST SP 330 and will not be duplicated in this document.NIST SP 330 is available on the internet. The values stated ineither SI units or inch-pou

4、nd units are to be regarded separatelyas standard. The values stated in each system may not be exactequivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independentlyof the other. Combining values from the two systems mayresult in nonconformance with the standard.1.3 Source ReferencesThe listed documen

5、t(s) was/werethe original source for the definition. However, the definitionmay have been edited for use in this document and the F37 andF44 standards and may not completely match the original inevery respect.1.4 A definition adapted from a particular standard withinthe ASTM aircraft collection of s

6、tandards is not limited to usewithin only those standards.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bil

7、ity of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced DocumentsNOTE 1All terms will reference the source of the definition. Anyterms not referencing their source will be considered for deletion.2.1 ASTM Standards:2F2241 Specification for ContinuedAirworthiness System forPowered Parachute Aircraft

8、F2242 Specification for Production Acceptance Testing Sys-tem for Powered Parachute AircraftF2243 Specification for Required Product Information to beProvided with Powered Parachute AircraftF2244 Specification for Design and Performance Require-ments for Powered Parachute AircraftF2245 Specification

9、 for Design and Performance of a LightSport AirplaneF2249 Specification for In-Service Test Methods for Tempo-rary Grounding Jumper Assemblies Used on De-Energized Electric Power Lines and EquipmentF2279 Practice for Quality Assurance in the Manufacture ofFixed Wing Light Sport Aircraft (Withdrawn 2

10、014)3F2295 Practice for Continued Operational Safety Monitor-ing of a Light Sport AircraftF2317/F2317M Specification for Design of Weight-Shift-Control AircraftF2352 Specification for Design and Performance of LightSport Gyroplane AircraftF2354 Specification for ContinuedAirworthiness System forLigh

11、ter-Than-Air Light Sport AircraftF2355 Specification for Design and Performance Require-ments for Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport AircraftF2356 Specification for Production Acceptance Testing Sys-tem for Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport AircraftF2411 Specification for Design and Performance of anAirborne S

12、ense-and-Avoid System (Withdrawn 2014)3F2415 Practice for Continued Airworthiness System forLight Sport Gyroplane AircraftF2425 Specification for ContinuedAirworthiness System forWeight-Shift-Control AircraftF2426 Guide on Wing Interface Documentation for PoweredParachute AircraftF2427 Specification

13、 for Required Product Information to beProvided with Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport AircraftF2449 Specification for Manufacturer Quality AssuranceProgram for Light Sport Gyroplane Aircraft (Withdrawn2014)3F2457 Specification for Required Product Information to beProvided withWeight-Shift-Control Aircr

14、aftF2483 Practice for Maintenance and the Development of1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F44 on GeneralAviation Aircraft and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F44.91 onTerminology.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. DOI:10.1520/F3060

15、-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is

16、 referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Maintenance Manuals for Light Sport AircraftF2490 Guide for Aircraft Electrical Load and Power SourceCapacity AnalysisF2506 Specification for Design and Testin

17、g of Light SportAircraft PropellersF2507 Specification for Recreational Airpark DesignF2512 Practice for Quality Assurance in the Manufacture ofLight Unmanned Aircraft SystemF2563 Practice for Kit Assembly Instructions of AircraftIntended Primarily for RecreationF2564 Specification for Design and Pe

18、rformance of a LightSport GliderF2584 Practice for Maintenance and Development of Main-tenance Manuals for Light Unmanned Aircraft System(UAS)F2626 Terminology for Light Sport AircraftF2639 Practice for Design, Alteration, and Certification ofAirplane Electrical Wiring SystemsF2745 Specification for

19、 Required Product Information to beProvided with an AirplaneF2746 Specification for Pilots Operating Handbook (POH)for Light Sport AirplaneF2799 Practice for Maintenance ofAircraft Electrical WiringSystemsF2930 Guide for Compliance with Light Sport AircraftStandardsF2972 Specification for Light Spor

20、t Aircraft ManufacturersQuality Assurance SystemF3035 Practice for Production Acceptance in the Manufac-ture of a Fixed Wing Light Sport Aircraft2.2 Other Standards:CFR, Title 14 Aeronautics and Space4European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) “Definitions andabbreviations used in Certification Specific

21、ations forproducts, parts and appliances; CS-Definitions,” Annex toED Decision 2007/016/R, Amendment 2, December 23,20105GAMA Specification 1 Specification for Pilots OperatingHandbook6International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Interna-tional Standards and Recommended Practices, Annex 8 tothe

22、Convention on International Civil Aviation, “Airwor-thiness of Aircraft: Part 1, Definitions,” eleventh edition,July 20107NIST SP 330 The International System of Units8TCCA Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs) 2012-1, Sub-part 1, “Interpretation,” revised December 1, 201193. Terminology3.1 Terms and

23、 Definitions:100-hour inspection, ninspection used when the aircraft iscarrying any person for hire including flight instruction.(F2483)DISCUSSIONSame as an annual condition inspection, except theinterval of inspection is 100 hours of operation instead of twelvecalendar months. “Annual condition ins

24、pection” is a term used for U.S.experimental aircraft. The term “annual airworthiness inspection” isused when considering certified aircraft. While similar, the twoinspections differ by who is authorized to do the inspections and makelog book entries.abnormal electrical power operation, noccurs when

25、 amalfunction or failure in the electric system has taken placeand the protective devices of the system are operating toremove the malfunction or failure from the remainder of thesystem before the limits of abnormal electrical poweroperation are exceeded. (F2490)accelerate-go distance, nhorizontal d

26、istance from the startof the takeoff to the point where the airplane reaches theprescribed screen height above the takeoff surface with thecritical engine having failed at the designated speed. (AC120-62)accelerate-stop distance, nhorizontal distance from takeoffto the point where the airplane is st

27、opped in the runway orrunway and stopway, when the stop is initiated at VI, andcompleted using the approved procedures and specifiedconditions. (AC 120-62)acceptable means of compliance, AMC, nmethod deter-mined to be acceptable by a Civil Aviation Authority (CAA)as a means to establish compliance w

28、ith a regulation.DISCUSSIONThe acceptable means is usually defined in CAAguidance or industry standards or both. There may be multiple meansto determine compliance with any regulation accepted by the CAA.(F44)aerobatic maneuver, nintentional maneuver involving anabrupt change in an aircrafts attitud

29、e, an abnormal attitude,or abnormal acceleration, not necessary for normal flight.(14 CFR Part 91.303)Aeronautical Radio, Incorporated, ARINC, naeronauticalstandards body made up of Airlines Electronic EngineeringCommittee, (AEEC), Avionics Maintenance Conference(AMC), and Flight Simulation, Enginee

30、ring, and Mainte-nance Committee, (FSEMC) and organized by ARINC toestablish cooperatively consensus-based, voluntary aviationtechnical standards that no one organization could developindependently.Agncia Nacional de Aviao Civil, ANAC, nnational civilaviation authority of Brazil. (ANAC)aircraft make

31、, nname assigned to the aircraft by the aircraftmanufacturer when each aircraft was produced (F2930,CICTT)DISCUSSIONIn most cases, aircraft make is the name of the aircraftmanufacturer, such as Cub Crafters, Quest, Piper, and so forth.4Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintende

32、nt ofDocuments, 732 N. Capital St. NW, Washington, DC 20402-0001.5Available from the European Aviation Safety Agency, Ottoplatz, 1, D-50679Cologne, Germany.6Available from the General Aviation Manufacturers Association, 1400 K St.NW, Suite 801, Washington, DC 20005-2485.7Available from the Internati

33、onal Civil Aviation Organization, http:/www.intlaviationstandards.org/Documents/AircraftMakeModelSeriesBusinessRules1.pdf8Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http:/www.nist.gov.9Available from Transport Canada,

34、330 Sparks St., Ottawa, ON Canada K1A0N5.F3060 142aircraft manufacturer, norganization that has been recog-nized by its certifying authority as having manufactured theaircraft, at the time of completion. (CICTT)aircraft master model, ngrouping of similar aircraft modelsfor analytical purposes and to

35、 identify aircraft models thatshare airworthiness properties; the master model is the firstmodel in a series of that aircraft make. (CICTT)aircraft model, naircraft manufacturers designation for anaircraft grouping with similar design or style of structure.(F2930, CICTT)DISCUSSIONThe aircraft model

36、is: (1) listed in the aircraft typecertificate, (2) the designation used by the aircraft manufacturer tolegally distinguish a particular aircraft, or (3) the designation used by anational military or armed force to distinguish a particular aircraft. It isusually a model number that may be part of a

37、series of similar models.If an aircraft manufacturer is amateur construction, in most cases, theaircraft model would be the name designated by the organizationresponsible for design.aircraft operating instructions, AOI, nprovide methodsand procedures to operate the aircraft safely (F2243, F2427,F245

38、7, F2564, F2746)DISCUSSIONFor LSA, the AOI specify those parameters (forexample, weight, stall speed, and maximum speed) that show theaircraft make and model meets the LSA definition. The AOI may alsobe referred to as a POH.Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, AOPA, nwithhundreds of thousands of

39、members, AOPA is the largestgeneral aviation member association in the world.DISCUSSIONFor over 75 years, AOPA has fought to protect thefreedom to fly while keeping general aviation safe, fun, and affordable.aircraft popular name, nname used by the aircraft manu-facturer to market or otherwise disti

40、nguish a particularaircraft model or series or both or the name used by anational military or armed force to distinguish a particularaircraft model or series or both. (CICTT)DISCUSSIONAn aircraft model or series or both may have more thanone popular name. It is normally not the legal identification

41、of theaircraft and, when found on the type certificate or type certificate datasheet, it is supplementary information. Examples would be the CessnaSkyhawk or Sovereign, which are popular names but not the legalidentification. Popular names can be changed without affecting the typedata of the aircraf

42、t.airframe and powerplant mechanic, A is installed in orpermanently attached to the aircraft; and is not part of anairframe, engine, or propeller. (F2639, 14 CFR Part 1)arc fault circuit breaker, ncircuit breaker specifically de-signed to open when arcing faults are detected. (F2639)aspect ratio, AR

43、, nwing span (b) squared divided by thewing area (S), b2/S. (F2245, F2564)auxiliary power unit, APU, nany power unit deliveringrotating shaft power, compressed air, or both, that is notintended for direct propulsion of an aircraft. (F44)F3060 143average design surface load, w, nload divided by area.

44、(F2564)balanced field length, BFL, nfor airplanes with more thanone engine, it is the minimum allowable runway length for agiven airplane weight, configuration and atmospheric con-ditions as per field limitations. (FAA AC 120-62)DISCUSSIONIt corresponds to the point where the accelerate-goperformanc

45、e required is equal to (“balances”) the accelerate-stopperformance required.balloon, nlighter-than-air aircraft that is not engine-drivenand sustains flight through the use of either gas buoyancy oran airborne heater or both. (F2354, F2355, F2356, F2427)best angle of climb, nclimb angle which produc

46、es the mostaltitude gain with least distance traveled horizontally (F44)best angle of climb speed, Vx, nthe speed at which theaircraft will obtain the highest altitude in a given horizontaldistance. (F2317/F2317M)DISCUSSIONThis best angle-of-climb speed normally increasesslightly with altitude.best

47、rate of climb, nclimb rate that produces the mostaltitude gain in the least amount of time. (F44)best rate of climb speed, Vy, nspeed at which the aircraftwill obtain the maximum increase in altitude per unit oftime. (F2317/F2317M)DISCUSSIONThis best rate-of-climb speed normally decreasesslightly wi

48、th altitude.bill of materials, BOM, nlisting of the parts making up anassembly. (F44)bus, nconnection that allows multiple devices to be con-nected to one another.bus bar, nheavy gauge metal wire or bar used as a commonconnection point for an electrical bus. (F44)DISCUSSIONSometimes used as a jumper

49、 between two high-currentcircuits.calibrated airspeed, CAS, nindicated airspeed of an aircraftcorrected for position and instrument error; calibrated air-speed is equal to true airspeed in standard atmosphere at sealevel. (FAA Part1, EASA CS1)center of gravity, CG, npoint at which the entire weight ofa body may be considered as concentrated so that ifsupported at this point the body would remain in equilibriumin any position. (TCCA, F2245, F2352, F2564)certificate of airworthiness, CofA, na CAA documentwhich grants authorization