ASTM F3060-2015b Standard Terminology for Aircraft《飞机的标准术语》.pdf

1、Designation: F3060 15aF3060 15bStandard Terminology forAircraft1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3060; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates

2、 the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology contains a listing of terms, abbreviations, acronyms, and symbols related to aircraft covered by ASTMCommittees F37 and F44 airworthiness design stan

3、dards. It is intended to ensure the consistent use of terminology throughout allASTM light aircraft standards.1.2 UnitsThe definitions of units will be as defined in NIST SP 330 and will not be duplicated in this document. NIST SP330 is available on the internet. The values stated in either SI units

4、 or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard.The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.3 Source ReferencesThe

5、listed document(s) was/were the original source for the definition. However, the definition mayhave been edited for use in this document and the F37 and F44 standards and may not completely match the original in everyrespect.1.4 Adefinition adapted from a particular standard within theASTM aircraft

6、collection of standards is not limited to use withinonly those standards.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine

7、the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced DocumentsNOTE 1All terms will reference the source of the definition. Any terms not referencing their source will be considered for deletion.2.1 ASTM Standards:2F2241 Specification for Continued Airworthiness System for Powered Pa

8、rachute AircraftF2242 Specification for Production Acceptance Testing System for Powered Parachute AircraftF2243 Specification for Required Product Information to be Provided with Powered Parachute AircraftF2244 Specification for Design and Performance Requirements for Powered Parachute AircraftF224

9、5 Specification for Design and Performance of a Light Sport AirplaneF2249 Specification for In-Service Test Methods for Temporary Grounding Jumper Assemblies Used on De-Energized ElectricPower Lines and EquipmentF2279 Practice for Quality Assurance in the Manufacture of Fixed Wing Light Sport Aircra

10、ft (Withdrawn 2014)3F2295 Practice for Continued Operational Safety Monitoring of a Light Sport AircraftF2317/F2317M Specification for Design of Weight-Shift-Control AircraftF2352 Specification for Design and Performance of Light Sport Gyroplane AircraftF2354 Specification for Continued Airworthines

11、s System for Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport AircraftF2355 Specification for Design and Performance Requirements for Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport AircraftF2356 Specification for Production Acceptance Testing System for Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport AircraftF2411 Specification for Design and Performance

12、of an Airborne Sense-and-Avoid System (Withdrawn 2014)3F2415 Practice for Continued Airworthiness System for Light Sport Gyroplane AircraftF2425 Specification for Continued Airworthiness System for Weight-Shift-Control Aircraft1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F44 on Gene

13、ralAviationAircraft and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F44.91 on Terminology.Current edition approved May 1, 2015Sept. 15, 2015. Published May 2015October 2015. Originally approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2015 asF3060 15.F3060 15a. DOI: 10.1520/F3060-15A.10.1520/F306

14、0-15B.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard

15、 is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommen

16、ds that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1F2426 Guide on Wi

17、ng Interface Documentation for Powered Parachute AircraftF2427 Specification for Required Product Information to be Provided with Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport AircraftF2449 Specification for Manufacturer Quality Assurance Program for Light Sport Gyroplane Aircraft (Withdrawn 2014)3F2457 Specificatio

18、n for Required Product Information to be Provided withWeight-Shift-Control AircraftF2483 Practice for Maintenance and the Development of Maintenance Manuals for Light Sport AircraftF2490 Guide for Aircraft Electrical Load and Power Source Capacity AnalysisF2506 Specification for Design and Testing o

19、f Light Sport Aircraft PropellersF2507 Specification for Recreational Airpark DesignF2512 Practice for Quality Assurance in the Manufacture of Light Unmanned Aircraft SystemF2563 Practice for Kit Assembly Instructions of Aircraft Intended Primarily for RecreationF2564 Specification for Design and Pe

20、rformance of a Light Sport GliderF2584 Practice for Maintenance and Development of Maintenance Manuals for Light Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS)(Withdrawn 2015)3F2626 Terminology for Light Sport AircraftF2639 Practice for Design, Alteration, and Certification of Aircraft Electrical Wiring SystemsF274

21、5 Specification for Required Product Information to be Provided with an AirplaneF2746 Specification for Pilots Operating Handbook (POH) for Light Sport AirplaneF2799 Practice for Maintenance of Aircraft Electrical Wiring SystemsF2930 Guide for Compliance with Light Sport Aircraft StandardsF2972 Spec

22、ification for Light Sport Aircraft Manufacturers Quality Assurance SystemF3035 Practice for Production Acceptance in the Manufacture of a Fixed Wing Light Sport Aircraft2.2 Other Standards:CFR, Title 14 Aeronautics and Space4EuropeanAviation SafetyAgency (EASA) “Definitions and abbreviations used in

23、 Certification Specifications for products, partsand appliances; CS-Definitions,” Annex to ED Decision 2007/016/R, Amendment 2, December 23, 20105GAMA Specification 1 Specification for Pilots Operating Handbook6International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) International Standards and Recommended

24、Practices, Annex 8 to theConvention on International Civil Aviation, “Airworthiness of Aircraft: Part 1, Definitions,” eleventh edition, July 20107NIST SP 330 The International System of Units8TCCA Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs) 2012-1, Subpart 1, “Interpretation,” revised December 1, 201193.

25、Terminology3.1 Terms and Definitions:100-hour inspection, ninspection used when the aircraft is carrying any person for hire including flight instruction. (F2483)DISCUSSIONSame as an annual condition inspection, except the interval of inspection is 100 hours of operation instead of twelve calendar m

26、onths. “Annualcondition inspection” is a term used for U.S. experimental aircraft. The term “annual airworthiness inspection” is used when considering certifiedaircraft. While similar, the two inspections differ by who is authorized to do the inspections and make log book entries.abnormal electrical

27、 power operation, noccurs when a malfunction or failure in the electric system has taken place and theprotective devices of the system are operating to remove the malfunction or failure from the remainder of the system before thelimits of abnormal electrical power operation are exceeded. (F2490)acce

28、lerate-go distance, nhorizontal distance from the start of the takeoff to the point where the airplane reaches the prescribedscreen height above the takeoff surface with the critical engine having failed at the designated speed. (AC 120-62)accelerate-stop distance, nhorizontal distance from takeoff

29、to the point where the airplane is stopped in the runway or runwayand stopway, when the stop is initiated at VI, and completed using the approved procedures and specified conditions. (AC120-62)acceptable means of compliance,AMC, nmethod determined to be acceptable by a CivilAviationAuthority (CAA) a

30、s a meansto establish compliance with a regulation.4 Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capital St. NW, Washington, DC 20402-0001.5 Available from the European Aviation Safety Agency, Ottoplatz, 1, D-50679 Cologne, Germany.6 Available from the Gen

31、eral Aviation Manufacturers Association, 1400 K St. NW, Suite 801, Washington, DC 20005-2485.7 Available from the International Civil Aviation Organization, http:/www.intlaviationstandards.org/Documents/AircraftMakeModelSeriesBusinessRules1.pdf8 Available from National Institute of Standards and Tec

32、hnology (NIST), 100 Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http:/www.nist.gov.9 Available from Transport Canada, 330 Sparks St., Ottawa, ON Canada K1A 0N5.F3060 15b2DISCUSSIONThe acceptable means is usually defined in CAA guidance or industry standards or both. There may be multiple mea

33、ns to determine compliance withany regulation accepted by the CAA. (F44)DISCUSSIONThe acceptable means is usually defined in CAA guidance or industry standards or both. There may be multiple means to determine compliance withany regulation accepted by the CAA.aerobatic maneuver, nintentional maneuve

34、r involving an abrupt change in an aircrafts attitude, an abnormal attitude, orabnormal acceleration, not necessary for normal flight. (14 CFR Part 91.303)Aeronautical Radio, Incorporated, ARINC, naeronautical standards body made up of Airlines Electronic EngineeringCommittee, (AEEC), Avionics Maint

35、enance Conference (AMC), and Flight Simulation, Engineering, and MaintenanceCommittee, (FSEMC) and organized by ARINC to establish cooperatively consensus-based, voluntary aviation technicalstandards that no one organization could develop independently.Agncia Nacional de Aviao Civil, ANAC, nnational

36、 civil aviation authority of Brazil. (ANAC)aircraft make, nname assigned to the aircraft by the aircraft manufacturer when each aircraft was produced (F2930, CICTT)DISCUSSIONIn most cases, aircraft make is the name of the aircraft manufacturer, such as Cub Crafters, Quest, Piper, and so forth.aircra

37、ft manufacturer, norganization that has been recognized by its certifying authority as having manufactured the aircraft,at the time of completion. (CICTT)aircraft master model, ngrouping of similar aircraft models for analytical purposes and to identify aircraft models that shareairworthiness proper

38、ties; the master model is the first model in a series of that aircraft make. (CICTT)aircraft mechanic, nperson authorized to perform maintenance on aircraft, engines, propellers, appliances, and other aircraftcomponents. (F2483)DISCUSSIONThis person may go by different titles such as Airframe and Po

39、werplant Mechanic (A is installed in or permanentlyattached to the aircraft; and is not part of an airframe, engine, or propeller. (F2639, 14 CFR Part 1)arc fault circuit breaker, ncircuit breaker specifically designed to open when arcing faults are detected. (F2639)aspect ratio, AR, nwing span (b)

40、squared divided by the wing area (S), b2/S. (F2245, F2564)auxiliary power unit, APU, nany power unit delivering rotating shaft power, compressed air, or both, that is not intended fordirect propulsion of an aircraft. (F44)average design surface load, w, nload divided by area. (F2564)balanced field l

41、ength, BFL, nfor airplanes with more than one engine, it is the minimum allowable runway length for a givenairplane weight, configuration and atmospheric conditions as per field limitations. (FAAAC 120-62)DISCUSSIONIt corresponds to the point where the accelerate-go performance required is equal to

42、(“balances”) the accelerate-stop performance required.F3060 15b4balloon, nlighter-than-air aircraft that is not engine-driven and sustains flight through the use of either gas buoyancy or anairborne heater or both. (F2354, F2355, F2356, F2427)best angle of climb, nclimb angle which produces the most

43、 altitude gain with least distance traveled horizontally (F44)best angle of climb speed, Vx, nthe speed at which the aircraft will obtain the highest altitude in a given horizontal distance.(F2317/F2317M)DISCUSSIONThis best angle-of-climb speed normally increases slightly with altitude.best rate of

44、climb, nclimb rate that produces the most altitude gain in the least amount of time. (F44)best rate of climb speed, Vy, nspeed at which the aircraft will obtain the maximum increase in altitude per unit of time.(F2317/F2317M)DISCUSSIONThis best rate-of-climb speed normally decreases slightly with al

45、titude.calibrated airspeed, CAS, nindicated airspeed of an aircraft corrected for position and instrument error; calibrated airspeed isequal to true airspeed in standard atmosphere at sea level.error. (FAA Part1, EASA CS1)DISCUSSIONCalibrated airspeed is equal to true airspeed in standard atmosphere

46、 at sea level.center of gravity, CG, npoint at which the entire weight of a body may be considered as concentrated so that if supported atthis point the body would remain in equilibrium in any position. (TCCA, F2245, F2352, F2564)certificate of airworthiness, CofA, na CAA document which grants autho

47、rization to operate an aircraft in flight. (F44)chord, c,nstraight line distance joining the leading and trailing edges of an airfoil. (F2245)civil aviation authority, CAA, ngovernmental agency responsible for regulation of civil-aviation-related activities in a countryor jurisdiction, such as Agnci

48、a Nacional de Aviao Civil (ANAC) of Brazil, or Transport Canada Civil Aviation (TCCA).(F2425, F2563, F2507)DISCUSSIONIn some countries, only certain parts of the aviation activities are the responsibility of the CAA. For the purposes of this terminology, the activitiesare those related to aircraft,

49、engine, and propeller certification and continued operational mercial part, npart that is listed on an approved commercial parts list included in a design approval holders instructionsfor continued airworthiness and for which:(1) The failure of the commercial part, as installed in the product, would not degrade the level of safety of the product; and(1) The failure of the commercial part, as installed in the product, would not degrade the level of safety of the product; and(2) The part is produced only under the c