ASTM F3060-2016a Standard Terminology for Aircraft《飞机的标准术语》.pdf

1、Designation: F3060 16aStandard Terminology forAircraft1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3060; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year

2、 of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology contains a listing of terms,abbreviations, acronyms, and symbols related to aircraft cov-ered by ASTM Committees F37 and F44 airworthiness designstandards. It

3、 is intended to ensure the consistent use ofterminology throughout all ASTM light aircraft standards.1.2 UnitsThe definitions of units will be as defined inNIST SP 330 and will not be duplicated in this document.NIST SP 330 is available on the internet. The values stated ineither SI units or inch-po

4、und units are to be regarded separatelyas standard. The values stated in each system may not be exactequivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independentlyof the other. Combining values from the two systems mayresult in nonconformance with the standard.1.3 Source ReferencesThe listed docume

5、nt(s) was/werethe original source for the definition. However, the definitionmay have been edited for use in this document and the F37 andF44 standards and may not completely match the original inevery respect.1.4 A definition adapted from a particular standard withinthe ASTM aircraft collection of

6、standards is not limited to usewithin only those standards.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bi

7、lity of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced DocumentsNOTE 1All terms will reference the source of the definition. Anyterms not referencing their source will be considered for deletion.2.1 ASTM Standards:2F2241 Specification for ContinuedAirworthiness System forPowered Parachute Aircraf

8、tF2242 Specification for Production Acceptance Testing Sys-tem for Powered Parachute AircraftF2243 Specification for Required Product Information to beProvided with Powered Parachute AircraftF2244 Specification for Design and Performance Require-ments for Powered Parachute AircraftF2245 Specificatio

9、n for Design and Performance of a LightSport AirplaneF2249 Specification for In-Service Test Methods for Tempo-rary Grounding Jumper Assemblies Used on De-Energized Electric Power Lines and EquipmentF2279 Practice for Quality Assurance in the Manufacture ofFixed Wing Light Sport Aircraft (Withdrawn

10、2014)3F2295 Practice for Continued Operational Safety Monitor-ing of a Light Sport AircraftF2317/F2317M Specification for Design of Weight-Shift-Control AircraftF2352 Specification for Design and Performance of LightSport Gyroplane AircraftF2354 Specification for ContinuedAirworthiness System forLig

11、hter-Than-Air Light Sport AircraftF2355 Specification for Design and Performance Require-ments for Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport AircraftF2356 Specification for Production Acceptance Testing Sys-tem for Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport AircraftF2411 Specification for Design and Performance of anAirborne

12、Sense-and-Avoid System (Withdrawn 2014)3F2415 Practice for Continued Airworthiness System forLight Sport Gyroplane AircraftF2425 Specification for ContinuedAirworthiness System forWeight-Shift-Control AircraftF2426 Guide on Wing Interface Documentation for PoweredParachute AircraftF2427 Specificatio

13、n for Required Product Information to beProvided with Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport AircraftF2449 Specification for Manufacturer Quality AssuranceProgram for Light Sport Gyroplane Aircraft (Withdrawn2014)3F2457 Specification for Required Product Information to beProvided withWeight-Shift-Control Airc

14、raft1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F44 on GeneralAviation Aircraft and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F44.91 onTerminology.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originallyapproved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as

15、 F3060 16. DOI:10.1520/F3060-16A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version o

16、f this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1F2483 Practice for Maintenance and the Development ofMaintenance Manuals for Light Sport AircraftF2490 Guide for Aircraft Electric

17、al Load and Power SourceCapacity AnalysisF2506 Specification for Design and Testing of Light SportAircraft PropellersF2507 Specification for Recreational Airpark DesignF2512 Practice for Quality Assurance in the Manufacture ofLight Unmanned Aircraft System (Withdrawn 2016)3F2563 Practice for Kit Ass

18、embly Instructions of AircraftIntended Primarily for RecreationF2564 Specification for Design and Performance of a LightSport GliderF2584 Practice for Maintenance and Development of Main-tenance Manuals for Light Unmanned Aircraft System(UAS) (Withdrawn 2015)3F2626 Terminology for Light Sport Aircra

19、ftF2639 Practice for Design, Alteration, and Certification ofAircraft Electrical Wiring SystemsF2745 Specification for Required Product Information to beProvided with an AirplaneF2746 Specification for Pilots Operating Handbook (POH)for Light Sport AirplaneF2799 Practice for Maintenance ofAircraft E

20、lectrical WiringSystemsF2930 Guide for Compliance with Light Sport AircraftStandardsF2972 Specification for Light Sport Aircraft ManufacturersQuality Assurance SystemF3035 Practice for Production Acceptance in the Manufac-ture of a Fixed Wing Light Sport AircraftF3061 Specification for Systems and E

21、quipment in SmallAircraftF3062 Specification for Installation of Powerplant SystemsF3082 Specification for Flight for General Aviation Aero-planesF3093 Specification for Aeroelasticity RequirementsF3116 Specification for Design Loads and ConditionsF3117 Specification for Crew Interface in Aircraft2.

22、2 Other Standards:CFR, Title 14 Aeronautics and Space4European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) “Definitions andabbreviations used in Certification Specifications forproducts, parts and appliances; CS-Definitions,” Annex toED Decision 2007/016/R, Amendment 2, December 23,20105GAMA Specification 1 Speci

23、fication for Pilots OperatingHandbook6International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Interna-tional Standards and Recommended Practices, Annex 8 tothe Convention on International Civil Aviation, “Airwor-thiness of Aircraft: Part 1, Definitions,” eleventh edition,July 20107NIST SP 330 The Internati

24、onal System of Units8TCCA Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs) 2012-1, Sub-part 1, “Interpretation,” revised December 1, 201193. Terminology3.1 Terms and Definitions:100-hour inspection, ninspection used when the aircraft iscarrying any person for hire including flight instruction.(F2483)DISCUSSIONS

25、ame as an annual condition inspection, except theinterval of inspection is 100 hours of operation instead of twelvecalendar months. “Annual condition inspection” is a term used for U.S.experimental aircraft. The term “annual airworthiness inspection” isused when considering certified aircraft. While

26、 similar, the twoinspections differ by who is authorized to do the inspections and makelog book entries.abnormal electrical power operation, noccurs when amalfunction or failure in the electric system has taken placeand the protective devices of the system are operating toremove the malfunction or f

27、ailure from the remainder of thesystem before the limits of abnormal electrical poweroperation are exceeded. (F2490)accelerate-go distance, nhorizontal distance from the startof the takeoff to the point where the airplane reaches theprescribed screen height above the takeoff surface with thecritical

28、 engine having failed at the designated speed. (AC120-62)accelerate-stop distance, nhorizontal distance from takeoffto the point where the airplane is stopped in the runway orrunway and stopway, when the stop is initiated at VI, andcompleted using the approved procedures and specifiedconditions. (AC

29、 120-62)acceptable means of compliance, AMC, nmethod deter-mined to be acceptable by a Civil Aviation Authority (CAA)as a means to establish compliance with a regulation. (F44)DISCUSSIONThe acceptable means is usually defined in CAAguidance or industry standards or both. There may be multiple meanst

30、o determine compliance with any regulation accepted by the CAA.aerobatic maneuver, nintentional maneuver involving anabrupt change in an aircrafts attitude, an abnormal attitude,or abnormal acceleration, not necessary for normal flight.(14 CFR Part 91.303)Aeronautical Radio, Incorporated, ARINC, nae

31、ronauticalstandards body made up of Airlines Electronic EngineeringCommittee, (AEEC), Avionics Maintenance Conference4Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent ofDocuments, 732 N. Capital St. NW, Washington, DC 20402-0001.5Available from the European Aviation Safety Agency,

32、Ottoplatz, 1, D-50679Cologne, Germany.6Available from the General Aviation Manufacturers Association, 1400 K St.NW, Suite 801, Washington, DC 20005-2485.7Available from the International Civil Aviation Organization, http:/www.intlaviationstandards.org/Documents/AircraftMakeModelSeriesBusinessRules1.

33、pdf8Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http:/www.nist.gov.9Available from Transport Canada, 330 Sparks St., Ottawa, ON Canada K1A0N5.F3060 16a2(AMC), and Flight Simulation, Engineering, and Mainte-nance Committ

34、ee, (FSEMC) and organized by ARINC toestablish cooperatively consensus-based, voluntary aviationtechnical standards that no one organization could developindependently.Agncia Nacional de Aviao Civil, ANAC, nnational civilaviation authority of Brazil. (ANAC)aircraft make, nname assigned to the aircra

35、ft by the aircraftmanufacturer when each aircraft was produced (F2930,CICTT)DISCUSSIONIn most cases, aircraft make is the name of the aircraftmanufacturer, such as Cub Crafters, Quest, Piper, and so forth.aircraft manufacturer, norganization that has been recog-nized by its certifying authority as h

36、aving manufactured theaircraft, at the time of completion. (CICTT)aircraft master model, ngrouping of similar aircraft modelsfor analytical purposes and to identify aircraft models thatshare airworthiness properties; the master model is the firstmodel in a series of that aircraft make. (CICTT)aircra

37、ft mechanic, nperson who performs maintenance onaircraft, engines, propellers, appliances, and other aircraftcomponents within the scope of their authorization by theapplicable authority or regulation.DISCUSSIONAn aircraft mechanic may go by different titles underdifferent authorities. The common na

38、me for an aircraft mechanic insome countries is Licensed Aircraft Maintenance Engineer and inothers it may be Airframe and Powerplant (A is installed in orpermanently attached to the aircraft; and is not part of anairframe, engine, or propeller. (F2639, 14 CFR Part 1)F3060 16a3arc fault circuit brea

39、ker, ncircuit breaker specifically de-signed to open when arcing faults are detected. (F2639)aspect ratio, AR, nwing span (b) squared divided by thewing area (S), b2/S. (F2245, F2564)auxiliary power unit, APU, nany power unit deliveringrotating shaft power, compressed air, or both, that is notintend

40、ed for direct propulsion of an aircraft. (F44)average design surface load, w, nload divided by area.(F2564)balanced field length, BFL, nfor airplanes with more thanone engine, it is the minimum allowable runway length for agiven airplane weight, configuration and atmospheric con-ditions as per field

41、 limitations. (FAA AC 120-62)DISCUSSIONIt corresponds to the point where the accelerate-goperformance required is equal to (“balances”) the accelerate-stopperformance required.balloon, nlighter-than-air aircraft that is not engine-drivenand sustains flight through the use of either gas buoyancy oran

42、 airborne heater or both. (F2354, F2355, F2356, F2427)best angle of climb, nclimb angle which produces the mostaltitude gain with least distance traveled horizontally (F44)best angle of climb speed, Vx, nthe speed at which theaircraft will obtain the highest altitude in a given horizontaldistance. (

43、F2317/F2317M)DISCUSSIONThis best angle-of-climb speed normally increasesslightly with altitude.best rate of climb, nclimb rate that produces the mostaltitude gain in the least amount of time. (F44)best rate of climb speed, Vy, nspeed at which the aircraftwill obtain the maximum increase in altitude

44、per unit oftime. (F2317/F2317M)DISCUSSIONThis best rate-of-climb speed normally decreasesslightly with altitude.calibrated airspeed, CAS, nindicated airspeed of an aircraftcorrected for position and instrument error. (FAA Part1,EASA CS1)DISCUSSIONCalibrated airspeed is equal to true airspeed in stan

45、dardatmosphere at sea level.center of gravity, CG, npoint at which the entire weight ofa body may be considered as concentrated so that ifsupported at this point the body would remain in equilibriumin any position. (TCCA, F2245, F2352, F2564)certificate of airworthiness, CofA, na CAA documentwhich g

46、rants authorization to operate an aircraft in flight.(F44)chord, c, nstraight line distance joining the leading andtrailing edges of an airfoil. (F2245)civil aviation authority, CAA, ngovernmental agency re-sponsible for regulation of civil-aviation-related activities ina country or jurisdiction, su

47、ch as Agncia Nacional deAviao Civil (ANAC) of Brazil, or Transport Canada CivilAviation (TCCA). (F2425, F2563, F2507)DISCUSSIONIn some countries, only certain parts of the aviationactivities are the responsibility of the CAA. For the purposes of thisterminology, the activities are those related to a

48、ircraft, engine, andpropeller certification and continued operational mercial part, npart that is listed on an approvedcommercial parts list included in a design approval holdersinstructions for continued airworthiness and for which:(1) The failure of the commercial part, as installed in theproduct,

49、 would not degrade the level of safety of the product;and(2) The part is produced only under the commercial partmanufacturers specification and marked only with the com-mercial part manufacturers markings. (14 CFR 21.1(b)(3),21.50(c)(2)compliance package, nset of documents that providesobjective, verifiable evidence for compliance to CAA regu-lations using CAA accepted means of compliance whichmay be industry consensus standards or applicant developedmeans of compliance. (F44)compliance program, nset of activities