1、Designation: F3175 16Standard Guide forTraining and Equipping Search and Rescue PersonnelOperating on Mountain Bikes (Mountain Bike SAREndorsement)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3175; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, i
2、n the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training and equip-ment requirements, including
3、 general and field knowledge,skills, and abilities, for search and rescue personnel whooperate on mountain bikes.1.2 Mountain Bike Search and Rescue Endorsed individualsmay, under qualified supervision, perform their normal dutiessafely and effectively on mountain bikes.1.3 AMountain Bike Search and
4、 Rescue Endorsement aloneis not sufficient to indicate that an individual has theknowledge, skills, or abilities to perform any specific duties,including search and rescue operations, other than thosedefined within this guide.1.4 Personnel trained to only this guide are not qualified tooperate in le
5、adership positions.1.5 Mountain Bike Search and Rescue Endorsed individualsoperate on the surface of the land only, including urban ordisaster areas that may be isolated or have lost supportinginfrastructure.1.6 Human land SAR resources that may utilize personneltrained to this guide are classified
6、in Classification F1993.1.6.1 Further training may be required before MountainBike Search and Rescue Endorsed personnel may participateon a particular Category or Kind of SAR resource, dependingon local needs, regulations, or policies of the authority havingjurisdiction.1.7 This guide alone does not
7、 provide the minimum trainingrequirements for SAR personnel to operate on mountain bikeswhile performing operations in partially or fully collapsedstructures, in- or on-water, in confined spaces, underground(such as in caves, mines, and tunnels), or in mountain or alpineenvironments.1.8 Personnel tr
8、ained to this guide are not qualified toperform rescue. No training in rope use, high or low angle litterevacuation, or other rescue skills is included in this guide.1.8.1 Basic rescue skills and knowledge are found in GuideF2751.1.9 Mountain Bike Search and Rescue Endorsed personnelmust work under
9、qualified supervision, as deemed appropriateby the AHJ.1.10 This standard is created without regard to the type ofmountain bike, gear, panniers, first aid supplies, or personalprotective equipment that is used by a Mountain Bike Searchand Rescue Endorsed individual.1.11 This standard does not purpor
10、t to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1447
11、 Specification for Helmets Used in Recreational Bicy-cling or Roller SkatingF1633 Guide for Techniques in Land SearchF1773 Terminology Relating to Climbing, Mountaineering,Search and Rescue Equipment and PracticesF1952 Specification for Helmets Used for Downhill Moun-tain Bicycle RacingF1993 Classif
12、ication System of Human Search and RescueResourcesF2209 Guide for Training of Land Search Team MemberF2751 Guide for Training of a Land Search and RescueTeam MemberF2890 Guide for Hazard Awareness for Search and RescuePersonnelF3068 Guide for Contents and Use of a Position Task Book(PTB)1This guide
13、is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Search andRescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.03 on Personnel,Training and Education.Current edition approved June 1, 2016. Published July 2016. DOI: 10.1520/F3175-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, ww
14、w.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1F3071
15、 Guide for Basic Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use (GPS/GNSS-IW) Endorsement2.2 Other Documents:Snell Memorial Foundation standard N-94, Standard forProtective Headgear for Use in Non-Motorized Sports(including addendum B95A)3Snell Memorial Foundation standard B-95, Standard forProtective Headgear for Use Wit
16、h Bicycles (includingaddendum B95A)National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) publicationPMS 304-2, Fitness and Work Capacity4State statutes pertaining to bicycle use and operationInternational Mountain Bike Association (IMBA) Trail Dif-ficulty Rating System3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 foot
17、tap, na brief touch of a riders foot on theground or an obstacle to maintain balance or to prevent fallingwhile riding a mountain bike. An obstacle that knocks theriders foot from the pedal is not considered a foot tap.3.1.2 MBSAR (Mountain Bike Search And Rescue),nsearch and rescue operations perfo
18、rmed by an individual, orindividuals, while utilizing a mountain bike.3.1.3 qualified supervisor, nan individual with demon-strated knowledge or competence in a task, to whom the AHJhas granted the authority to observe and oversee an individualperforming that task.3.1.4 slow ride, nrider-controlled
19、continuous forwardmovement of a bike at a speed slower than a walk.3.1.5 speed jump, na bike action in which the rider andbike leap over an obstacle or gap while riding at speed.3.1.6 steep hill ascent or descent, nriding a bike up ordown terrain with a slope of 15 degrees or greater.3.2 For definit
20、ions of other terms used in this guide seeTerminology F1773, Guides F1993, F2209, and F2751.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide establishes the minimum training criteria forMountain Bike Search and Rescue Endorsed personnel.4.2 At no time will this standard supersede any establishedprotocols of in
21、ternational, national, federal, state, tribal, local,or regional governments.4.3 Every person who is identified as a Mountain BikeSearch and Rescue Endorsed individual shall have met therequirements of this guide.4.4 Though this guide establishes only minimum standards,it does not imply that a Mount
22、ain Bike Search and RescueEndorsed individual is a “trainee,” “probationary,” or othersimilarly termed member of an agency or organization.4.4.1 The AHJ is responsible for determining the require-ments and qualifications for its team member ratings.4.4.2 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from a
23、ddingadditional requirements for its own members.4.5 A person meeting the requirements of this guide doesnot necessarily possess adequate field skills and knowledge tomake mission-critical decisions.4.6 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is anoutline of the topics required for train
24、ing or evaluating Moun-tain Bike Search and Rescue Endorsed personnel.4.7 This guide is an outline of the topics required fortraining or evaluating Mountain Bike Search and RescueEndorsed personnel and may be used to assist in the develop-ment of a training document or program.4.8 This guide can be
25、used to evaluate a document todetermine if its content includes the topics necessary fortraining an individual to be Mountain Bike Search and RescueEndorsed personnel. Likewise, this guide may be used toevaluate an existing training program to see if it meets therequirements in this guide.4.9 The kn
26、owledge, skills, and abilities presented in thefollowing sections are not in any particular order and do notrepresent a training sequence.4.10 This guide does not stand alone and must be used withother ASTM Standards to identify the knowledge, skills, andabilities needed for a Mountain Bike Search a
27、nd RescueEndorsed individual to perform safely and effectively.4.11 Mountain Bike Search and Rescue Endorsed personnelshall document training by completion of a position task book,compliant with ASTM F3068, or by field demonstration underqualified supervision.4.11.1 Where proficiency in a skill or a
28、bility must bedemonstrated, unless stated otherwise it shall be demonstratedfor initial qualification, and as often as required by the AHJ.4.11.2 Proficiency shall be demonstrated to a qualifiedobserver as defined by the AHJ.5. General Operator Training5.1 Mountain Bike Search and Rescue Endorsed pe
29、rsonnelshall earn and maintain certification in adult and child CPR.5.2 Mountain Bike Search and Rescue Endorsed personnelshall earn and maintain certification in first aid or a moreadvanced level of emergency medical care.6. Equipment6.1 The bicycle used by a Mountain Bike Search andRescue Endorsed
30、 individual must have the following minimumcharacteristics:6.1.1 Designed and built for off-road use;6.1.2 Capable of carrying heavy loads in varied terrain inwilderness and urban environments and conditions.6.2 The bicycle used by a Mountain Bike Search andRescue Endorsed individual shall be equipp
31、ed with at least thefollowing equipment:6.2.1 Off-road wheels and tires;6.2.2 Brakes intended for wet, icy, and muddy conditions;3http:/www.smf.org/standards/b/b95std#add4http:/www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/newshelt/workcaptest_lo.pdfF3175 1626.2.3 Headlight or a helmet mounted headlamp with aminimum bright
32、ness of 42 lumens at 10 ft (3m);6.2.4 Red taillight, either steady or flashing.6.3 Mountain Bike Search and Rescue Endorsed individualsshall wear the personal protective equipment (PPE) specifiedby the AHJ. The following is recommended as a minimum:6.3.1 A helmet which meets at least one of the foll
33、owingapprovals or certifications:6.3.1.1 Certified in accordance with ASTM F1447;6.3.1.2 Certified in accordance with ASTM F1952;6.3.1.3 Approved by the Snell Memorial Foundation pertheir B-95 standard;6.3.1.4 Approved by the Snell Memorial Foundation pertheir N-94 standard;6.3.1.5 Certified by the
34、Consumer Product Safety Commis-sion (CPSC).6.3.2 Eye protection (shatter-resistant, wraparound, clear ortinted);6.3.3 Padded cycling gloves;6.3.4 Wind and tear-resistant shirt;6.3.5 Tear-resistant long pants or shorts;6.3.6 Shoes suitable for use with the bike and for walking.6.4 A Mountain Bike Sea
35、rch and Rescue Endorsed indi-vidual shall carry, in the field, a repair kit specified by the AHJ.The following is recommended as a minimum:6.4.1 Tire pump;6.4.2 Tube patch kits (2);6.4.3 Spare tire tubes (2);6.4.4 Tire levers (min. of 2);6.4.5 Spoke tool;6.4.6 Headset wrench;6.4.7 Spare chain links
36、and pins;6.4.8 Chain link tool;6.4.9 Bike lube;6.4.10 Spare tire (1);6.4.11 Spare spokes (2).6.5 A Mountain Bike Search and Rescue Endorsed indi-vidual may carry additional mission-specific equipment asdetermined by the AHJ.6.6 A Mountain Bike Search and Rescue Endorsed indi-vidual shall have the ab
37、ility, and shall be equipped, to be aself-supporting resource deployable for a minimum of 24hours.7. Rider Skills and Abilities7.1 A Mountain Bike Search and Rescue Endorsed indi-vidual shall demonstrate the following bicycle repair andmaintenance skills:7.1.1 Adjust the bicycles components to prope
38、rly fit therider;7.1.2 Adjust the brakes, shifters, and derailleurs for smoothoperation;7.1.3 Remove and reinstall a wheel, tire, and tube using onlythe tools in the riders field tool kit;7.1.4 Repair a broken chain using only the tools in theriders field tool kit;7.1.5 Demonstrate a pre-ride safety
39、 inspection of the bi-cycle.7.2 A Mountain Bike Search and Rescue Endorsed indi-vidual shall demonstrate the following riding abilities andskills:7.2.1 Good balance and control;7.2.2 Rapidly and easily change speed and direction;7.2.3 Perform a quick stop;7.2.4 Jump off a slow moving bike without fa
40、lling orstumbling;7.2.5 Slow ride for a minimum distance of 100 feet (30.5m);7.2.6 Ride on paved roads in accordance with applicablestate laws;7.2.7 Ride five (5) miles on an IMBA blue square-rated trailtypical of the responders normal area of operations;7.2.7.1 The rider shall complete the ride wit
41、h no more thanfive (5) foot taps;7.2.8 If the trail allows, the rider shall successfully deal withthe following obstacles while riding:7.2.8.1 Cross a curb or similar obstacle, at least 5 inches(13mm) high, both up and down;7.2.8.2 Descend a drop off with a minimum height of 12inches (30mm);7.2.8.3
42、Cross a bridge with a maximum width of 24 inches(60mm) and a minimum length of 6 feet (3m);7.2.9 If the trail does not include any of the obstacles listedabove, the riders ability to negotiate them successfully shall beevaluated separately.8. Keywords8.1 bike; bicycle; MBSAR; mountain bike; SAR; sea
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