ASTM F3221-2016 Standard Guide for Training for Snowmobile Operator&x2019 s Endorsement《雪地车操作员支持培训的标准指南》.pdf

1、Designation: F3221 16Standard Guide forTraining for Snowmobile Operators Endorsement1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3221; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in

2、parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide establishes the minimum trainingrequirements, including general and field knowledge, skills,and abilities, for personnel who operate s

3、nowmobiles as part oftheir duties.1.2 This guide applies only to snowmobiles as defined inSection 6.1.3 A snowmobile operators endorsement alone is notsufficient to indicate that an individual has the knowledge,skills, or abilities to perform any specific duties, includingsearch and rescue operation

4、s, other than those defined withinthis guide.1.4 Snowmobile operator endorsed individuals may, underqualified supervision, perform their normal duties safely andeffectively on snowmobiles.1.5 Snowmobile operator endorsed individuals operate onthe surface of the land only, including urban or disaster

5、 areasthat may be isolated or have lost supporting infrastructure.1.6 This guide alone does not define the minimum trainingrequirements for personnel to operate snowmobiles in a moun-tain or alpine environment or in areas prone to avalanche.1.7 Personnel trained only to this guide are not qualified

6、tooperate in leadership positions.1.8 Snowmobile operator endorsed personnel must workunder qualified supervision, as deemed appropriate by theauthority having jurisdiction (AHJ).1.9 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical

7、conversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health pr

8、actices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1773 Terminology Relating to Climbing, Mountaineering,Search and Rescue Equipment and PracticesF3068 Guide for Contents and Use of a Position Task Book(PTB)F3072 Guide for Inte

9、rmediate Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use(GPS/GNSS-IIW) EndorsementF3103 Specification for Testing Off-Road Motorcycle andATV HelmetsF3222 Terminology Relating to F32 Land Search and Res-cue Standards and Guides2.2 Other Documents:SSCC/11 Safety Standards for Snowmobile Product Certifi-cation3M2010 Standard

10、for Protective Headgear for Use withMotorcycles and Other Motorized Vehicles42.3 State laws pertaining to operation of snowmobiles.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 snowmobile, na self-propelled vehicle intended foroff-road travel primarily on snow, having a curb weight of notmore than 453.59 kg (

11、1000 lb); driven by track or tracks incontact with the snow; and steered by a ski or skis in contactwith the snow.34. Significance and Use4.1 This guide establishes the minimum training criteria forsnowmobile operator endorsed personnel.4.2 At no time will this standard supersede any establishedprot

12、ocols of international, national, federal, state, tribal, local,or regional governments.4.3 Every person who is identified as a snowmobile operatorendorsed individual shall have met the requirements of thisguide.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Searchand Rescue an

13、d is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.03 on Personnel,Training and Education.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2016. Published December 2016. DOI:10.1520/F3221-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For

14、 Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the Snowmobile Safety and Certification Committee, Inc., 1640Haslett Road, Suite 170, Haslett, MI 48840.4Available from the Snell Memorial Foundation, http:/ww.smf.org/st

15、andards/m/2010/m2010final.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles f

16、or theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organiziation Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.14.4 Though this guide establishes only minimum standards,it does not imply that a snowmobile operator endorsed indi-vidual is a “trainee,” “pr

17、obationary,” or other similarly termedmember or employee of an agency or organization.4.4.1 The AHJ is responsible for determining the require-ments and qualifications for its team member or employeeratings.4.4.2 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from addingadditional requirements for its own m

18、embers or employees.4.5 A person meeting the requirements of this guide doesnot necessarily possess adequate field skills and knowledge tomake mission-critical decisions.4.6 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is anoutline of the topics required for training or evaluating snow-mobile

19、 operator endorsed personnel.4.7 This guide is an outline of the topics required fortraining or evaluating snowmobile operator endorsed personneland may be used to assist in the development of a trainingdocument or program.4.8 This guide can be used to evaluate a document todetermine if its content

20、includes the topics necessary fortraining individuals to be snowmobile operator endorsed per-sonnel. Likewise, this guide may be used to evaluate anexisting training program to see if it meets the requirements inthis guide.4.9 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in thefollowing sections a

21、re not in any particular order and do notrepresent a training sequence.4.10 This guide does not stand alone and must be used withother ASTM standards to identify the knowledge, skills, andabilities needed for snowmobile operator endorsed personnel toperform safely and effectively.4.11 Snowmobile ope

22、rator endorsed personnel shall recordtraining by completion of a position task book, compliant withGuide F3068, or with documented field demonstration underqualified supervision.4.11.1 Where proficiency in a skill or ability must bedemonstrated, unless stated otherwise it shall be demonstratedfor in

23、itial qualification, and as often as required by AHJ.4.11.2 Proficiency shall be demonstrated to a qualifiedevaluator as defined by the AHJ.5. Operators Personal Equipment5.1 A snowmobile operator endorsed individual shall wearthe following personal protective equipment (PPE) whileoperating a snowmo

24、bile:5.1.1 A full face or open face helmet5which meets at leastone of the following approvals or certifications:5.1.1.1 Certified in accordance with Specification F3103;5.1.1.2 Approved by the Snell Memorial Foundation inaccordance with their M2010 standard.5.1.2 Protective clothing suitable for the

25、 anticipated weatherconditions.5.1.3 Water and wind resistant gloves or mitts suitable forthe weather conditions.5.1.4 Water and wind resistant insulated boots also suitablefor walking.5.2 A snowmobile operator endorsed individual operating asnowmobile on any body of water shall carry a set of ice p

26、icksor awls for self-rescue.5.3 A snowmobile operator endorsed individual operating asnowmobile in avalanche terrain shall wear an avalanchebeacon and shall carry on his or her person (not on thesnowmobile) an avalanche probe and shovel.5.4 Asnowmobile operator endorsed individual shall carry ameans

27、 of long-range communications suitable for the normalarea of operation.5.4.1 If working with other snowmobile operators, a snow-mobile operator endorsed individual may also carry a means ofshort-range communications.5.5 If carrying passengers, a snowmobile operator endorsedindividual shall be equipp

28、ed with a helmet for each.5.6 A snowmobile operator endorsed individual may carryadditional mission-specific equipment, as determined by theAHJ.6. Snowmobile Operators Vehicle6.1 The snowmobile operated by a snowmobile operatorendorsed individual must be certified to be in compliance withthe require

29、ments of SSCC/11: Safety Standards for Snowmo-bile Product Certification.6.1.1 Snowmobiles defined in SSCC/11 as Class I (Com-petitive) and Class II (Children) may not be used.6.2 The snowmobile operated by a snowmobile operatorendorsed individual shall be provided with a registration, asrequired by

30、 the state or province in which the vehicle isregistered.6.3 The snowmobile operated by a snowmobile operatorendorsed individual shall be provided with proof of insurance,as required by the state or province in which the vehicle isregistered.6.4 The snowmobile operated by a snowmobile operatorendors

31、ed individual shall be equipped with a basic first aid kit.Refer to Appendix X1 for a list of recommended items.6.5 The snowmobile operated by a snowmobile operatorendorsed individual shall be equipped with a basic survival kit.Refer to Appendix X2 for a list of recommended survivalequipment.6.6 The

32、 snowmobile operated by a snowmobile operatorendorsed individual shall be equipped with a vehicle-specifictool kit. Refer to Appendix X3 for a list of recommendedonboard tools.6.7 The snowmobile operated by a snowmobile operatorendorsed individual shall be equipped with spare parts for fieldrepairs.

33、 Refer to Appendix X4 for a list of recommendedonboard spare parts.5If an open face helmet is used, then safety goggles or a face shield must beworn. Colored lenses are recommended to match the lighting conditions.F3221 1626.8 The snowmobile operated by a snowmobile operatorendorsed individual shall

34、 be equipped with emergency equip-ment for use in the event that the vehicle is stuck or disabledin the field. Refer to Appendix X5 for a list of recommendedonboard emergency equipment.7. General Snowmobile Operator Training7.1 A snowmobile operator endorsed individual shall betrained to perform the

35、 following basic navigation skills:7.1.1 Know the difference between topographic maps androad maps, and the advantages and disadvantages of each.7.1.2 On a topographic map demonstrate the ability to:7.1.2.1 Identify and explain the meaning of common sym-bols;7.1.2.2 Describe legend information and i

36、ts use;7.1.2.3 Identify, and know the significance of, contour linesand spacing;7.1.2.4 Identify, and know the significance of, true North,magnetic North, grid North, and declination;7.1.2.5 Orient a map using terrain;7.1.2.6 Orient a map using a compass;7.1.2.7 Determine the distance between two po

37、ints on amap;7.1.2.8 Determine the heading, bearing, or azimuth betweentwo points on a map.7.1.3 Know how manmade and naturally occurring phe-nomenon affect the accuracy of a compass.7.1.4 Demonstrate the ability to do the following in thefield:7.1.5 Using map and compass only, determine the individ

38、u-als location;7.1.5.1 Follow a compass heading, azimuth, or bearing;7.1.5.2 Estimate distance traveled in the field;7.1.5.3 Determine a heading, azimuth, or bearing with acompass in the field and plot it on a map.7.2 A snowmobile operator endorsed individual shall beendorsed for intermediate wilder

39、ness GPS/GNSS use as de-fined in Guide F3072.7.3 A snowmobile operator endorsed individual shall betrained to be aware of hazards to a snowmobile operator. Suchhazards include:7.3.1 Operator inexperience;7.3.2 Traveling alone;7.3.3 Unfamiliar country;7.3.4 Deep and/or wet snow;7.3.5 Effects of alcoh

40、ol and drugs;7.3.6 Excessive speed;7.3.7 Careless or reckless operation;7.3.8 Crossing roads or railroad tracks;7.3.9 Ice on bodies of water;7.3.10 Avalanches;7.3.11 Unanticipated weather conditions;7.3.12 Hypothermia.7.4 A snowmobile operator endorsed individual shall betrained to survive overnight

41、 in the field in the event of operatorinjury or vehicle breakdown.7.5 Snowmobile operator endorsed individuals operating inareas at risk for avalanches shall, at a minimum, have com-pleted one of the following training programs:7.5.1 American Institute for Avalanche Research and Edu-cation (AIARE) L

42、evel 1;7.5.2 National Ski Patrol (NSP) Level 1;7.5.3 American Avalanche Association Level 1;7.5.4 Avalanche safety and rescue training equivalent to oneof the above.8. Training Specific to Snowmobile Operation8.1 A snowmobile operator endorsed individual shall havesuccessfully completed a federal, s

43、tate, agency, or AHJ-approved snowmobile operators safety training course.8.1.1 If required by the state, province, or AHJ, a snowmo-bile operator endorsed individual shall possess a current state,province, or AHJ-recognized snowmobile operators license orcertificate.8.2 A snowmobile operator endors

44、ed individual shall dem-onstrate knowledge of common snowmobile operators handsignals.68.3 A snowmobile operator endorsed individual shall dem-onstrate knowledge of standard snowmobile trail signs asdefined by the International Association of Snowmobile Ad-ministrators (IASA).78.4 A snowmobile opera

45、tor endorsed individual shall dem-onstrate the ability to perform a pre-ride inspection of asnowmobile, checking the following:8.4.1 Air filter, if used, is clear, clean, and not damaged;8.4.2 Throttle lever moves smoothly, closes when released,and works properly throughout the full range of motion

46、of thehandlebars;8.4.3 Ignition switch works smoothly;8.4.4 Engine stop switch works correctly;8.4.5 Brake lever works smoothly and correctly, does notstrike the handlebar, and is positioned to suit the operator;8.4.6 Handlebars are secure and properly aligned, skis turnthrough their full range, and

47、 are positioned to suit the operator;8.4.7 Headlights function properly, including high beams ifso equipped;8.4.8 Tail lights, including brake lights, function properly;8.4.9 Track tension is properly adjusted;8.4.10 Track studs or paddles, if installed, are not loose,bent, or broken;8.4.11 Slide ra

48、ils are in good condition;8.4.12 Track slides or hi-fax are not excessively worn, asdefined in the vehicles operator manual;8.4.13 Bogie and idler wheels are secure, in good condition,and turn freely;8.4.14 Drive belt is properly tensioned and shows little or nowear, as defined in the vehicles opera

49、tor manual;8.4.15 Skis are properly aligned;6Available from the American Council of Snowmobile Associations, 271Woodland Pass, Suite 216, East Lansing, MI 48823 or the International Associationof Snowmobile Administrators, http:/snowiasa.org/guidelines-resouces/.7Available from the International Association of Snowmobile Administrators,http:/snowiasa.org/guidelines-resources/.F3221 1638.4.16 Ski wear bars or skegs show little or no wear, asdefined in the vehicles operator manual;8.4.17 Vehicle has sufficient fuel and fuel system has noevident leaks;8.4.18 Engine oil l