ASTM G113-2016 Standard Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials《有关非金属材料的自然和人工风化试验的标准术语》.pdf

1、Designation: G113 14G113 16Standard TerminologyRelating to Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests ofNonmetallic Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation G113; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th

2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard covers terms that relate to the durability testing of Nonmetallic Materials using

3、natural andartificial weathering exposure techniques.1.2 It is the intent of this terminology standard to include those weathering terms in wide use in ASTM for which standarddefinitions appear desirable.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D9 Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Produc

4、tsD4023 Terminology Relating to Humidity Measurements (Withdrawn 2002)3E41 Terminology Relating To ConditioningE772 Terminology of Solar Energy ConversionE973 Test Method for Determination of the Spectral Mismatch Parameter Between a Photovoltaic Device and a PhotovoltaicReference CellG84 Practice f

5、or Measurement of Time-of-Wetness on Surfaces Exposed to Wetting Conditions as in Atmospheric CorrosionTestingG90 Practice for Performing Accelerated Outdoor Weathering of Nonmetallic Materials Using Concentrated Natural SunlightG201 Practice for Conducting Exposures in Outdoor Glass-Covered Exposur

6、e Apparatus with Air Circulation2.2 AATCC Method:416 Colorfastness to Light2.3 ANSI Standards:5ANSI/NCSL Z540-2-1997 American National Standard for Expressing UncertaintyU.S. Guide to the Expression ofUncertainty in MeasurementISO 9370 Plastics - Instrumental Determination of Radiant Exposure in Wea

7、thering Tests - General Guidance and Basic TestMethod3. Significance and Use3.1 This terminology is not intended to supersede the requirements of similar definitions in certain other documents, but isintended to provide a listing of terms that are in current widespread usage, and their context in re

8、lation to weathering.4. Terminology4.1 Definitions:1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G03 on Weathering and Durability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G03.92 onTerminology.Current edition approved March 1, 2014Dec. 1, 2016. Published March 2014December 20

9、16. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 20092014as G113 09.G113 14. DOI: 10.1520/G0113-14.10.1520/G0113-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume infor

10、mation, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.4 Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http:/www.

11、aatcc.org.5 Available from National Conference of Standards Laboratories, 1800 30th St., Suite 305B, Boulder, CO 80301.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit ma

12、y not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harb

13、or Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1accelerated outdoor weathering, noutdoor weathering using the sun as the source of irradiance, and where the rate ofdeterioration is accelerated by increasing one or more of the influencing parameters above a level obtained in th

14、e naturalenvironment.DISCUSSIONExamples of these types of exposures are found in Practice G90 and Practice G201.acceleration factor, nthe ratio of exposure time required to produce a specified amount of change in a material by one exposuretest divided by the exposure time required to produce the sam

15、e change by another exposure test.DISCUSSIONAcceleration factors must be used with great caution because they vary between materials (including different formulations of the same material) andare strongly dependent on the exposure conditions and variability of both the natural and laboratory acceler

16、ated exposures. Acceleration factors mayalso vary depending on the level of material property change used to determine the acceleration factor. Do not ratio irradiance in laboratory acceleratedtests to irradiance in outdoor exposures, or use equivalent radiant exposures to estimate time to fail in o

17、utdoor exposures. These calculations ignoredifferences in temperature and moisture between the accelerated test and exterior exposures, and in the spectral power distributions of the laboratorylight source and sunlight.actinic radiation, nthe spectral region(s) of a light source responsible for the

18、photodegradation of a particular material.ambient temperature, nthe existing temperature of the air or of an object in thermal equilibrium with the surroundingatmosphere.artificial accelerated irradiation, nexposure of a material to a laboratory radiation source meant to simulate window glassfiltere

19、d solar radiation or radiation from interior lighting sources and where specimens may be subjected to relatively smallchanges in temperature and relative humidity in an attempt to more rapidly produce the same changes that occur when thematerial is used in an indoor environment.DISCUSSIONThese expos

20、ures have been commonly referred to as fading or lightfastness tests.artificial accelerated weathering, nexposure of a material in a laboratory weathering device to conditions which may be cyclicand intensified over those encountered in outdoor or in-service exposure. This involves a laboratory radi

21、ation source, thermalstress, and moisture (in the form of relative humidity, and/or water spray, condensation, or immersion) in an attempt to morerapidly produce the same changes that occur in long term outdoor exposure.DISCUSSIONThe device may include means for control and/or monitoring the light s

22、ource and other weathering variables. It may also include exposure to specialconditions, such as acid spray to simulate the effect of industrial gases.azimuth angle, nan angle of a plane to the horizon measured clockwise to the object.backed exposure, na technique of weathering in which the test spe

23、cimens being exposed are mounted onto a solid backingmaterial, of sufficient strength to hold the specimen. When the specimen and the backing are in direct contact the backingmaterial must be of a type that will not contaminate the specimen. When two materials are intimately joined together to formo

24、ne composite, the materials below the top surface are not considered as a backing.DISCUSSIONThe backing is typically plywood which has the effect of increasing specimen temperature and wet time during exposure, compared to exposureunbacked.black box, na thin metal box painted flat black on the outsi

25、de only exclusive of the bottom surface with an open top where theflat test specimens to be exposed constitute the top surface of the box; the box is equipped with mounting strips to hold the testspecimens firmly in place; the top surface of the box must be completely filled at all times; any blank

26、spaces on the top surfacemust be occupied by flat black “dummy” panels to maintain correct operating condition.G113 162black box underglass, na glass covered enclosure or cabinet of any convenient size. It shall be constructed of corrosion resistantmetal and be enclosed to prevent ambient air from c

27、irculating over the samples. Exterior non-glass surfaces shall be paintedblack. The interior shall remain unpainted.black panel thermometer, na temperature measuring device consisting of a metal panel, having a black coating which absorbsall wavelengths uniformly, with a thermal sensitive element fi

28、rmly attached to the center of the exposed surface. The black panelthermometer is used to control an artificial weathering device and to provide an estimate of the maximum temperature of samplesexposed to a radiant energy source.climatological types, nmajor regions of significantly different recurri

29、ng weather patterns. In weathering, several distinctclimatological types are used to evaluate the atmospheric durability of materials. Within any single climatological variation, ata specific geographic location, short term weather patterns may fluctuate significantly. This may cause variability in

30、short termexposures. Major climatic variations that are used for the study of weathering are:warm, moist climate,subtropical climate distinguished as warm and humid year round, with frequent rain showers.hot, dry climate,desert climate distinguished as sunny, hot, and dry year round, with rare scatt

31、ered showers.control, nin weathering, the term control has three current widespread uses:1. A material which is of similar composition and construction to the test material used for comparison, exposed at the sametime.DISCUSSIONA reference material can often be used as the control.2. A portion of th

32、e material to be tested which is stored under conditions in which it is stable, and is used for comparison between exposed andoriginal state.DISCUSSIONThis definition is deprecated in favor of “File Specimen.”3. A portion of the exposed specimen which is protected from light exposure by masking.DISC

33、USSIONThis definition is deprecated in favor of “Masked Area.”daylight , nas used in weathering, the term equivalent to “sunlight”. It refers to the full spectrum of solar irradiance, that is,ultraviolet through infrared, and includes both diffuse sky and direct solar irradiance.DISCUSSIONThis defin

34、ition differs from CIE (Commission Internationale de lEclairage) Publication No 17.4 which defines daylight as “the visible par of global(sun plus sky) radiation.direct weathering, na technique of weathering in which the test specimens are exposed to all prevailing elements of theatmosphere.dry-bulb

35、 temperature, nthe temperature of the ambient air; for example, the temperature that is measured by the dry-bulbthermometer of a psychrometer. D4023durability, nin weathering, the ability of a material to maintain a defined property in a defined application as a function of itsend use exposure condi

36、tions and time.enclosed carbon arc, na light source in which an arc is produced across a pair of carbon rods by a high energy electrical source,such that a high intensity light is emitted. The carbons are enclosed in an inverted glass dome which acts to prolong the life ofthe carbons, and to modify

37、the spectral power distribution received by the specimens.exposure, nthe act of subjecting the test specimen to the test conditions.exposure angle, nthe tilt from horizontal of the test specimen or any other exposed material, or both.fading unit (AATCC), na specific amount of exposure made under the

38、 conditions specified in various test methods where oneFading Unit is one-twentieth (120 th) of the exposure required to produce a color change equal to Step No. 4 on the Gray ScaleG113 163for Color Change or 1.7 6 0.3 CIELAB units of color difference on Blue Wool Lightfastness Standard L 4 or 20 6

39、1.7 CIELABunits of color difference on the Xenon Reference Fabric or combination thereof.AATCC Technical Manualfile specimen, nportion of the material to be tested which is stored under conditions in which it is stable, and is used forcomparison between exposed and original state.fluorescent ultravi

40、olet lamp, va lamp in which the irradiance from a low pressure mercury arc is transformed to a longerwavelength UV radiation by a phosphor; the spectral power distribution of a fluorescent lamp is determined by the emissionspectrum of the mercury arc light source, the emission spectrum of the phosph

41、or and the UV transmittance of the glass tube.fresnel-reflector system, nflat mirrors arranged in an array such that they reflect onto a target, the illuminated area of whichsimulates the size and shape of the flat mirror. Such an array simulates the ray-tracing of a parabolic trough of the same ape

42、rtureangle. G90gray scale, nthe scale consists of nine pairs of standard gray chips each pair representing a difference in color or contrast (shadeand strength) corresponding to a numerical fastness rating. The results of colorfastness tests are rated by visually comparing thedifference in color rep

43、resented by the scale. AATCC Technical Manualirradiance, nthe radiant power per unit area incident on a receiver, typically reported in watts per square metre, W m2 E973light (weathering), nelectromagnetic radiation present in natural terrestrial sunlight encompassing wavelengths ranging from theult

44、raviolet solar cut-on (about 295 nm) through the visible (380 to 780 nm) into the infrared (up to about 4050 nm).DISCUSSIONIn weathering, the terms light and radiation are used interchangeably. Although light is classically defined as wavelengths stimulating human visualresponse, it is commonly used

45、 in weathering to also include the UV and IR radiation found in natural sunlight.masked area, na portion of the exposed specimen which is protected from light exposure by masking. (See also control.)DISCUSSIONThe mask area is not protected from heat and moisture.natural weathering, noutdoor exposure

46、 of materials to unconcentrated sunlight, the purpose of which is to assess the effects ofenvironmental factors on various functional and decorative parameters of interest.open flame sunshine carbon arc, na light source in which an arc is produced across a pair of copper coated carbon rods filledwit

47、h rare earth elements intended to produce a specific spectral power distribution. The carbons are open to the atmosphere andmay be surrounded by a glass lantern arrangement which acts to modify the spectral power distribution received by thespecimens.operational control point, na set point for equil

48、ibrium conditions measured at sensor location(s) in an exposure device.operational fluctuations, nThe positive and negative deviations from the setting of the sensor at the operational control set pointduring equilibrium conditions in a laboratory accelerated weathering device.DISCUSSIONThe operatio

49、nal fluctuations are the result of unavoidable machine variables and do not include measurement uncertainty. The operational fluctuationsapply only at the location of the control sensor and do not imply uniformity of conditions throughout the test chamber.operational uniformity, nthe range around the operational control point for measured parameters within the intended exposurearea within the limits of intended operational range.DISCUSSIONIt is assumed, as with all measurements, that the measurement of uniformity has uncer