1、Designation: G 147 02Standard Practice forConditioning and Handling of Nonmetallic Materials forNatural and Artificial Weathering Tests1This standard is issued under the fixed designation G 147; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case o
2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers specimen preparation, identifica-tion, packing, shipping, handling, and
3、conditioning before,during, and after natural and artificial weathering testing.1.2 This practice includes details on the conditioning ofspecimens after exposure and before examination. This prac-tice also covers long-term storage of file specimens.1.3 Conditioning in this practice does not refer to
4、 thespecific act of exposing the specimens to the weatheringfactors.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the a
5、pplica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1There is no equivalent ISO standard describing procedures foridentification, shipping, conditioning, and handling of specimens intendedfor natural or artificial weathering tests. ISO 139 and ISO 291 describeprocedures used for conditioning s
6、pecimens prior to and during physicalproperty testing.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing2D 1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and ColorDifferences of Diffusively Illuminated Opaque Materials3D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textil
7、es for Testing4D 3924 Specification for Standard Environment for Condi-tioning and Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquers, and RelatedMaterials3E 41 Terminology Relating to Conditioning5E 171 Specification for Standard Atmospheres for Condi-tioning and Testing Flexible Barrier Materials6E 284 Terminology
8、of Appearance3E 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics5G 7 Practice for Atmospheric Environmental ExposureTesting of Nonmetallic Materials7G 24 Practice for Conducting Exposures to Daylight Fil-tered Through Glass7G 90 Practice for Performing Accelerated Outdoor Weath-ering of Nonmetalli
9、c Materials Using Concentrated Natu-ral Sunlight7G 113 Terminology Relating to Natural and ArtificialWeathering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials7G 151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Ac-celerated Test Devices That Use Laboratory LightSources7G 152 Practice for Operating Open Flame Carbo
10、n Arc LightApparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials7G 153 Practice for Operating Enclosed Carbon Arc LightApparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials7G 154 Practice for Operating Fluorescent Light Apparatusfor UV Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials7G 155 Practice for Operating Xenon Arc Lig
11、ht Apparatusfor Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials72.2 Other Documents:ISO 139 TextilesStandard Atmosphere for Conditioningand Testing8ISO 291 PlasticsStandard Atmospheres for Conditioningand Testing83. Terminology3.1 The definitions given in Terminologies E 41 and G 113are applicable to this practic
12、e.3.2 Unless otherwise stated, use of the term “specimens” inthis practice refers to specimens of the test material and of anyapplicable reference or control materials included as part of theexposure experiment.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:1This practice is under the jurisdicti
13、on of ASTM Committee G3 on Durability ofNonmetallic Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G03.01 onJoint Weathering Projects.Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2002. Published March 2003. Originallypublished as G 14796. Last previous edition approved as G 14796.2Annual Book of AS
14、TM Standards, Vol 08.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.6Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.7Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.04.8Available from the American National Standards Institute, 1430 Br
15、oadway,New York, NY 10018.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.3.1 handling, nthe management of a specimen betweenexposure periods, or prior to, or after an exposure test.4. Significance and Use4.1 Weathering is an inher
16、ently variable science due to thefact that weather itself is variable. In addition, there can bevariability in results in artificial accelerated testing even whenall devices are running identical exposure cycles. Therefore, itis essential to control all factors as much as possible in order toreduce
17、the overall source of error.4.2 Proper handling of specimens is extremely important formaintaining integrity of the material being evaluated. Damageto specimens caused by improper handling and labeling canadversely affect the validity of the testing program, causingloss of money and time. Improper h
18、andling can introducenonstandard procedures into the protocol which may be asignificant source of variability, adversely affecting the overallprecision of results obtained. Improper handling may alsointroduce a bias in the results obtained.4.3 Changes to materials can occur even under a seeminglyben
19、ign conditioning environment, especially if the specimenhas already been exposed. Therefore it is necessary to mini-mize the number and length of non-testing periods in order thatthe exposure is the only cause of further changes.5. General Handling Procedures5.1 Handle all test specimens with care a
20、nd attention.Physical damage resulting from improper handling can distortthe results from the exposure. Wear clean soft cotton gloves ifthe specimen will be touched on the exposed surface in orderto avoid exposing surfaces to skin oils.5.1.1 In climates where it is necessary to wear sunscreen,insect
21、 repellent, or other skin treatments, take extra precautionsthat these are not transferred to the test specimen.5.2 The front surface (that is, the side to be oriented towardsthe light source) is the primary surface of a test specimen. Thisfront surface must remain free of marks or damage not caused
22、by the weathering elements. Handle test specimens by theedges whenever possible.5.3 It is recommended that the test specimens be separatedduring shipment or storage. This ensures that the specimensurface will not be damaged by abrasion or by interaction withother specimens. For flat specimens, this
23、can be accomplishedusing slotted containers or racks. If specimens are to bestacked, use of a smooth liner film or paper between adjacentspecimens is recommended. Non-textured paper, coated paperssuch as release liners, or unstabilized polyethylene or polyesterfilms are suitable protective layers. A
24、ny material placed againstthe face of the test specimens shall not contaminate or haveother interaction with the specimen that affects durability orappearance. For some materials, specimens can be stackedface-to-face. However, this is not recommended because of thedamage which can be caused by abras
25、ion or interactionbetween the surfaces of adjacent specimens.NOTE 2Textured paper may leave surface impressions, and additivessuch as antioxidants, UV absorbers, or plasticizers can migrate from a filmonto the test specimen. Suppliers of polymer films can be found in theThomas Register.5.4 Never res
26、t the test specimen on its primary surfacewithout protection. Care should be taken not to mar the surfacewhen specimens are placed on measurement equipment, on testframes used for outdoor exposures, or in specimen holdersused in laboratory-accelerated exposure devices.5.5 In the event that it is nec
27、essary to handle wet specimens,take extra care to ensure that nothing contacts the primarysurface until it has dried completely.6. Specimen Identification6.1 Each specimen shall be uniquely coded, and the testlaboratory shall maintain records which allow the followinginformation to be determined:6.1
28、.1 Laboratory I.D. code number.6.1.2 Exposure location.6.1.3 Exposure type:6.1.3.1 Exposure angle,6.1.3.2 Orientation,6.1.3.3 Backing type,6.1.3.4 Device type (when applicable), and6.1.3.5 Exposure cycle (when applicable).6.1.4 Intended duration of exposure.6.1.5 Individual specimen identification:6
29、.1.5.1 Series,6.1.5.2 Formula code, or6.1.5.3 Consecutive numbering.6.1.6 Replicate Number.6.2 The identifying mark for a specimen shall be made insuch a manner that it does not affect the test results for thespecimen during the exposure.6.3 Typically, most marking is made on the back or nonex-posed
30、 side of the test specimen. Do not label the top of theexposed surface with any marking system (inks) that maydegrade, run down, and contaminate the specimen.6.3.1 When using an ink or any other liquid as a marker,make sure that it has fully dried before stacking specimens.6.4 Typical methods for ma
31、rking specimens are as follows:6.4.1 Scribing,6.4.2 Permanent ink marker pen,6.4.3 Paint pen,6.4.4 Grease crayon6.4.5 Tag attached to the specimen, and6.4.6 Bar code labels.NOTE 3The following items have been found to be useful for markingspecimens: permanent marker pen, (broad tip, black only), pai
32、nt pen, andgrease crayon. If the durability of the marking made by a marker pen,grease crayon, or paint pen is not known, experiments to evaluatedurability should be conducted prior to use for identifying specimens.6.5 Do not scribe on the exposed side of the specimen whenoxidation of the specimen o
33、r substrate will cause unwantedspecimen damage or when the information will become ob-scured.6.6 When test specimens must be marked on the front side,place the marking away from the center portion of thespecimen, preferably in a corner. The marking on the frontsurface will be affected by the same we
34、athering factors as thespecimen, and therefore, extra attention must be given to thedurability of the marking.G1470226.7 The frame to which specimens are attached may also bemarked provided that the frame and specimens remain togetherthroughout the exposure.7. Shipping Specimens7.1 Incorrect shippin
35、g methods can have a deleterious effecton test materials and is an often overlooked source of error inexposure tests. Specimens damaged during shipment can resultin postponement or cancellation of exposures or may result inonly partial completion of critical experiments. Shipping is aninherently rig
36、orous process, but damage can be minimized withcare.NOTE 4Care should be taken to minimize exposure of specimens toextremely high or low temperatures or to conditions that might result inthermal shock during shipping.7.2 When transporting or shipping specimens from onelocation to another, care shoul
37、d be taken to use sturdy shippingcontainers for all specimens.7.3 It is recommended that specimens be isolated from oneanother during shipping.7.3.1 For flat specimens such as metal panels with a coating,a slotted box is the best form of shipping container. The panelsare placed in a wooden box with
38、slots at opposite sides to holdthe top and bottom of the panel. There should be an adequatespacing between each slot to prevent contact between neigh-boring panels.7.3.2 As an alternative to using a container with precut slots,the specimens may be maintained separately by placing aspacer at each end
39、. Use a wood dowel or extruded polystyrenefoam block wrapped in a smooth film or paper, and ensure thatthe box is completely filled. Use bulk packing material to fill inany excess space in the box.7.4 If specimens are to be stacked and bundled duringshipment, use the following procedure:7.4.1 Place
40、a smooth film or paper meeting the requirementsof 5.3 between adjacent specimens.7.4.2 Bundle specimens using paper or other wrappingmaterial and pressure-sensitive adhesive tape. The paper orother wrapping material used shall not contaminate or interactwith the specimens in any way that will affect
41、 the results fromexposure tests or property measurements.7.4.3 Place bundled specimens in a box or container and usebulk packaging material to isolate the bundles. It is recom-mended that the volume of the container be at least 50 %greater than the total volume of bundles placed in the container.Exp
42、anded polystyrene foam chips, poly bubble liner, andshredded paper (except newsprint) have been found acceptableas bulk packing material. Pack the container as tightly aspossible to avoid damage caused by movement during ship-ping.7.5 For irregularly shaped specimens, it is recommendedthat each be w
43、rapped in a smooth film or paper. Use bulkpacking material to separate specimens during shipment. Packspecimens as tightly as possible to avoid damage duringshipping. The smooth film or paper and bulk packing materialshall not interact with, cause abrasion, or otherwise adverselyaffect the specimens
44、. The volume of the container used forshipping should be 50 % greater than the total volume of thespecimens it will hold.7.6 Large specimens that require crating should be securelyfastened to the crating base. Frame the sides and top of thecrate with solid material.7.7 Place any special handling ins
45、tructions for the panelsbeing shipped in a clearly marked envelope or packet on theoutside of the container. Place “fragile” labels on all shipmentsthat are easily damaged.7.8 Keep a complete record of all shipments to facilitatetracing in the event that they are lost. These records include theshipp
46、ing method employed, shipment date, and any tracing ortracking numbers provided by the shipper.8. Initial Receipt of Specimens8.1 Upon initial receipt of specimens to be exposed, readany special handling instructions attached to the packagingbefore the package is opened. Inspect the packaging materi
47、alfor signs of damage. If any signs of damage are found, theyshall be noted and reported to the originator.NOTE 5Signs of package damage could indicate adverse effects onthe specimens enclosed.8.2 Open the specimen package as soon as possible afterarrival in the laboratory. Process the specimens in
48、the fastestpossible manner so that a minimum amount of time passesbefore exposure begins.NOTE 6In some cases, preconditioning of the specimen may berequired before exposure.8.2.1 Make sure each specimen has an identifying markwhich can be used to distinguish it from other similar speci-mens. See Sec
49、tion 6 for further details.8.3 Review the instructions for testing that is included withthe specimens for accuracy and to ensure that the testinglaboratory has all of the necessary facilities to conduct the test.Use a log sheet or computerized data base, or both, to keeptrack of the following information:8.3.1 Test identification number,8.3.2 Name and address of originator,8.3.3 Description of specimens, and8.3.4 Test specification.8.4 Check the arriving specimens for defects which arepresent prior to exposure, and note any that are found on theexposure log so that these defect
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