1、Designation: G 147 09Standard Practice forConditioning and Handling of Nonmetallic Materials forNatural and Artificial Weathering Tests1This standard is issued under the fixed designation G 147; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case o
2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers specimen preparation, identifica-tion, packing, shipping, handling, and
3、conditioning before,during, and after natural and artificial weathering testing.1.2 This practice includes details on the conditioning ofspecimens after exposure and before examination. This prac-tice also covers long-term storage of file specimens.1.3 Conditioning in this practice does not refer to
4、 thespecific act of exposing the specimens to the weatheringfactors.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the a
5、pplica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1There is no equivalent ISO standard describing procedures foridentification, shipping, conditioning, and handling of specimens intendedfor natural or artificial weathering tests. ISO 139 and ISO 291 describeprocedures used for conditioning s
6、pecimens prior to and during physicalproperty testing.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD 1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and ColorDifferences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque MaterialsD 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testi
7、ng TextilesD 3924 Specification for Environment for Conditioning andTesting Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related MaterialsE41 Terminology Relating To ConditioningG7 Practice for Atmospheric Environmental ExposureTesting of Nonmetallic MaterialsG24 Practice for Conducting Exposures to Daylight Fil-te
8、red Through GlassG90 Practice for Performing Accelerated Outdoor Weath-ering of Nonmetallic Materials Using Concentrated Natu-ral SunlightG113 Terminology Relating to Natural and ArtificialWeathering Tests of Nonmetallic MaterialsG 151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Ac-celerated Test
9、 Devices that Use Laboratory Light SourcesG 152 Practice for Operating Open Flame CarbonArc LightApparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic MaterialsG 153 Practice for Operating Enclosed Carbon Arc LightApparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic MaterialsG 154 Practice for Operating Fluorescent Light Apparatu
10、sfor UV Exposure of Nonmetallic MaterialsG 155 Practice for Operating Xenon Arc Light Apparatusfor Exposure of Non-Metallic Materials2.2 Other Documents:ISO 139 TextilesStandard Atmosphere for Conditioningand Testing3ISO 291 PlasticsStandard Atmospheres for Conditioningand Testing33. Terminology3.1
11、The definitions given in Terminologies E 41 and G 113are applicable to this practice.3.2 Unless otherwise stated, use of the term “specimens” inthis practice refers to specimens of the test material and of anyapplicable reference or control materials included as part of theexposure experiment.3.3 De
12、finitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 handling, nthe management of a specimen betweenexposure periods, or prior to, or after an exposure test.4. Significance and Use4.1 Weathering is an inherently variable science due to thefact that weather itself is variable. In addition, there can be
13、variability in results in artificial accelerated testing even when1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G03 on Weatheringand Durability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G03.01 on JointWeathering Projects.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2009. Published March 2009
14、. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as G 14702.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page
15、onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA
16、 19428-2959, United States.all devices are running identical exposure cycles. Therefore, itis essential to control all factors as much as possible in order toreduce the overall source of error.4.2 Proper handling of specimens is extremely important formaintaining the integrity of the material being
17、evaluated.Damage to specimens caused by improper handling andlabeling can adversely affect the validity of the testing pro-gram, causing loss of money and time. Improper handling canintroduce nonstandard procedures into the protocol which maybe a significant source of variability, adversely affectin
18、g theoverall precision of results obtained. Improper handling mayalso introduce a bias in the results obtained.4.3 Changes to materials can occur even under a seeminglybenign conditioning environment, especially if the specimenhas already been exposed. Therefore it is necessary to mini-mize the numb
19、er and length of non-testing periods in order thatthe exposure is the only cause of further changes.5. General Handling Procedures5.1 Handle all test specimens with care and attention.Physical damage resulting from improper handling can distortthe results from the exposure. Wear clean soft cotton gl
20、oves ifthe specimen will be touched on the exposed surface in orderto avoid exposing surfaces to skin oils.5.1.1 In climates where it is necessary to wear sunscreen,insect repellent, or other skin treatments, take extra precautionsthat these are not transferred to the test specimen.5.2 The front sur
21、face (that is, the side to be oriented towardsthe light source) is the primary surface of a test specimen.However, some three dimensional specimens may have morethan one primary surface. The primary surface(s) must remainfree of marks or damage not caused by the weatheringelements. Handle test speci
22、mens by the edges wheneverpossible.5.3 It is recommended that the test specimens be separatedduring shipment or storage. This ensures that the specimensurface will not be damaged by abrasion or by interaction withother specimens. For flat specimens, this can be accomplishedusing slotted containers o
23、r racks. If specimens are to bestacked, use of a smooth liner film or paper between adjacentspecimens is recommended. Non-textured paper, coated paperssuch as release liners, or unstabilized polyethylene or polyesterfilms are suitable protective layers.Any material placed againstthe face of the test
24、 specimens shall not contaminate or haveother interaction with the specimen that affects durability orappearance. For some materials, specimens can be stackedface-to-face. However, this is not recommended because of thedamage which can be caused by abrasion or interactionbetween the surfaces of adja
25、cent specimens.NOTE 2Textured paper may leave surface impressions, and additivessuch as antioxidants, UV absorbers, or plasticizers can migrate from a filmonto the test specimen. Suppliers of polymer films can be found in theThomas Register.5.4 Never rest the test specimen on its primary surfacewith
26、out protection. Care should be taken not to mar the surfacewhen specimens are placed on measurement equipment, on testframes used for outdoor exposures, or in specimen holdersused in laboratory-accelerated exposure devices.5.5 In the event that it is necessary to handle wet specimens,take extra care
27、 to ensure that nothing contacts the primarysurface until it has dried completely.6. Specimen Identification6.1 Each specimen shall be uniquely coded, and the testlaboratory shall maintain records which allow the followinginformation to be determined:6.1.1 Laboratory I.D. code number.6.1.2 Exposure
28、location.6.1.3 Exposure type:6.1.3.1 Exposure angle (when applicable),6.1.3.2 Orientation,6.1.3.3 Backing type,6.1.3.4 Device type (when applicable), and6.1.3.5 Exposure cycle (when applicable).6.1.4 Intended duration of exposure.6.1.5 Individual specimen identification:6.1.5.1 Series,6.1.5.2 Formul
29、a code, or6.1.5.3 Consecutive numbering.6.1.6 Replicate Number.6.2 The identifying mark for a specimen shall be made insuch a manner that it does not affect the test results for thespecimen during the exposure.6.3 Typically, most marking is made on the back or nonex-posed side of the test specimen.
30、Do not label the top of theexposed surface with any marking system (inks) that maydegrade, run down, and contaminate the specimen.6.3.1 When using an ink or any other liquid as a marker,make sure that it has fully dried before stacking specimens.6.4 Typical methods for marking specimens are:6.4.1 Sc
31、ribing,6.4.2 Permanent ink marker pen,6.4.3 Paint pen,6.4.4 Grease crayon6.4.5 Tag attached to the specimen, and6.4.6 Bar code labels.NOTE 3The following items have been found to be useful for markingspecimens: permanent marker pen, (broad tip, black only), paint pen, andgrease crayon. If the durabi
32、lity of the marking made by a marker pen,grease crayon, or paint pen is not known, experiments to evaluatedurability should be conducted prior to use for identifying specimens.6.5 Do not scribe on the exposed side of the specimen whenoxidation of the specimen or substrate will cause unwantedspecimen
33、 damage or when the information will become ob-scured.6.6 When test specimens must be marked on the front side,place the marking away from the center portion of thespecimen, preferably in a corner. The marking on the frontsurface will be affected by the same weathering factors as thespecimen, and th
34、erefore, extra attention must be given to thedurability of the marking.6.7 The frame to which specimens are attached may also bemarked provided that the frame and specimens remain togetherthroughout the exposure.G1470927. Shipping Specimens7.1 Incorrect shipping methods can have a deleterious effect
35、on test materials and is an often overlooked source of error inexposure tests. Specimens damaged during shipment can resultin postponement or cancellation of exposures or may result inonly partial completion of critical experiments. Shipping is aninherently rigorous process, but damage can be minimi
36、zed withcare.NOTE 4Care should be taken to minimize exposure of specimens toextremely high or low temperatures or to conditions that might result inthermal shock during shipping.7.2 When transporting or shipping specimens from onelocation to another, care should be taken to use sturdy shippingcontai
37、ners for all specimens.7.3 It is recommended that specimens be isolated from oneanother during shipping.7.3.1 For flat specimens such as metal panels with a coating,a slotted box is the best form of shipping container. The panelsare placed in a wooden box with slots at opposite sides to holdthe top
38、and bottom of the panel. There should be adequatespacing between each slot to prevent contact between neigh-boring panels.7.3.2 As an alternative to using a container with precut slots,the specimens may be maintained separately by placing aspacer at each end. Use a wood dowel or extruded polystyrene
39、foam block wrapped in a smooth film or paper, and ensure thatthe box is completely filled. Use bulk packing material to fill inany excess space in the box.7.4 If specimens are to be stacked and bundled duringshipment, use the following procedure:7.4.1 Place a smooth film or paper meeting the require
40、mentsof 5.3 between adjacent specimens.7.4.2 Bundle specimens using paper or other wrappingmaterial and pressure-sensitive adhesive tape. The paper orother wrapping material used shall not contaminate or interactwith the specimens in any way that will affect the results fromexposure tests or propert
41、y measurements.7.4.3 Place bundled specimens in a box or container and usebulk packaging material to isolate the bundles. It is recom-mended that the volume of the container be at least 50 %greater than the total volume of bundles placed in the container.Expanded polystyrene foam chips, poly bubble
42、liner, andshredded paper (except newsprint) have been found acceptableas bulk packing material. Pack the container as tightly aspossible to avoid damage caused by movement during ship-ping.7.5 For irregularly shaped specimens, it is recommendedthat each be wrapped in a smooth film or paper. Use bulk
43、packing material to separate specimens during shipment. Packspecimens as tightly as possible to avoid damage duringshipping. The smooth film or paper and bulk packing materialshall not interact with, cause abrasion, or otherwise adverselyaffect the specimens. The volume of the container used forship
44、ping should be 50 % greater than the total volume of thespecimens it will hold.7.6 Large specimens that require crating should be securelyfastened to the crating base. Frame the sides and top of thecrate with solid material.7.7 Place any special handling instructions for the panelsbeing shipped in a
45、 clearly marked envelope or packet on theoutside of the container. Place “fragile” labels on all shipmentsthat are easily damaged.7.8 Keep a complete record of all shipments to facilitatetracing in the event that they are lost. These records include theshipping method employed, shipment date, and an
46、y tracing ortracking numbers provided by the shipper.8. Initial Receipt of Specimens8.1 Upon initial receipt of specimens to be exposed, readany special handling instructions attached to the packagingbefore the package is opened. Inspect the packaging materialfor signs of damage. If any signs of dam
47、age are found, theyshall be noted and reported to the originator.NOTE 5Signs of package damage could indicate adverse effects onthe specimens enclosed.8.2 Open the specimen package as soon as possible afterarrival in the laboratory. Process the specimens in the fastestpossible manner so that a minim
48、um amount of time passesbefore exposure begins.NOTE 6In some cases, preconditioning of the specimen may berequired before exposure.8.2.1 Make sure each specimen has an identifying markwhich can be used to distinguish it from other similar speci-mens. See Section 6 for further details.8.3 Review the
49、instructions for testing that are included withthe specimens for accuracy and to ensure that the testinglaboratory has all of the necessary facilities to conduct the test.Use a log sheet or computerized data base, or both, to keeptrack of the following information:8.3.1 Test identification number,8.3.2 Name and address of originator,8.3.3 Description of specimens, and8.3.4 Test specification.8.4 Check the arriving specimens for defects which arepresent prior to exposure, and note any that are found on theexposure log so that these defects will not be counted asweathering fai
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