ASTM G177-2003(2008)e1 Standard Tables for Reference Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Distributions Hemispherical on 37&x00B0 Tilted Surface《太阳紫外线光谱分布参考标准表 37度倾斜表面上的半球形分布》.pdf

1、Designation: G 177 03 (Reapproved 2008)1Standard Tables forReference Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Distributions:Hemispherical on 37 Tilted Surface1This standard is issued under the fixed designation G 177; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in t

2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEThe title to Table 1 was corrected editorially in August 2008.INTRODUCTIONThese tables of so

3、lar ultraviolet (UV) spectral irradiance values have been developed to meet theneed for a standard ultraviolet reference spectral energy distribution to be used as a reference for theupper limit of ultraviolet radiation in the outdoor weathering of materials and related indoor exposurestudies. A wid

4、e variety of solar spectral energy distributions occur in the natural environment and aresimulated by artificial sources during product, material, or component testing. To compare the relativeoptical performance of spectrally sensitive products, or to compare the performance of products beforeand af

5、ter being subjected to weathering or other exposure conditions, a reference standard solarspectral distribution is required. These tables were prepared using version 2.9.2 of the Simple Modelof theAtmospheric Radiative Transfer of Sunshine (SMARTS2) atmospheric transmission code (1,2).2SMARTS2 uses

6、empirical parameterizations of version 4.0 of the Air Force Geophysical Laboratory(AFGL) Moderate Resolution Transmission model, MODTRAN (3,4). An extraterrestrial spectrumdiffering only slightly from the extraterrestrial spectrum in ASTM E 490 is used to calculate theresultant spectra. The hemisphe

7、rical (2p steradian acceptance angle) spectral irradiance on a paneltilted 37 (average latitude of the contiguous United States) to the horizontal is tabulated. Thewavelength range for the spectra extends from 280 to 400 nm, with uniform wavelength intervals. Theinput parameters used in conjunction

8、with SMARTS2 for each set of conditions are tabulated. TheSMARTS2 model and documentation are available as an adjunct (ADJG0173CD3)to this standard.1. Scope1.1 The table provides a standard ultraviolet spectral irradi-ance distribution that maybe employed as a guide againstwhich manufactured ultravi

9、olet light sources may be judgedwhen applied to indoor exposure testing. The table provides areference for comparison with natural sunlight ultravioletspectral data. The ultraviolet reference spectral irradiance isprovidded for the wavelength range from 280 to 400 nm. Thewavelength region selected i

10、s comprised of the UV-A spectralregion from 320 to 400 nm and the UV-B region from 280 to320 nm.1.2 The table defines a single ultraviolet solar spectralirradiance distribution:1.2.1 Total hemispherical ultraviolet solar spectral irradi-ance (consisting of combined direct and diffuse components)inci

11、dent on a sun-facing, 37 tilted surface in the wavelengthregion from 280 to 400 nm for air mass 1.05, at an elevation of2 km (2000 m) above sea level for the United States StandardAtmosphere profile for 1976 (USSA 1976), excepting for theozone content which is specified as 0.30 atmosphere-centimeter

12、s (atm-cm) equivalent thichkness.1.3 The data contained in these tables were generated usingthe SMARTS2 Version 2.9.2 atmospheric transmission modeldeveloped by Gueymard (1,2).1.4 The climatic, atmospheric and geometric parametersselected reflect the conditions to provide a realistic maximumultravio

13、let exposure under representative clear sky conditions.1.5 The availability of the SMARTS2 model (as an adjunct(ADJG0173CD3)to this standard) used to generate the standardspectra allows users to evaluate spectral differences relative tothe spectra specified here.1These tables are under the jurisdict

14、ion ofASTM Committee G03 onWeatheringand Durability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G03.09 onRadiometry.Current edition approved June 1, 2008. Published August 2008. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as G 17703e1.2The boldface numbers in parentheses

15、refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJG173CD.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4E 490 S

16、tandard Solar Constant and Zero Air Mass SolarSpectral Irradiance TablesE 772 Terminology Relating to Solar Energy Conversion2.2 ASTM Adjunct:ADJG0173CD Simple Model for Atmospheric Transmis-sion of Sunshine43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of terms used in this specifica-tion not otherwise

17、described below may be found in Terminol-ogy E 772.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume Information, refer to the standards Document Summary Page onthe ASTM website.TABLE 1 St

18、andard Ultraviolet Hemispherical Spectral Solar Irradiance for 37 Sun-Facing Tilted SurfaceWavelengthnmHemisphericalW/m2/nmWavelengthnmHemisphericalW/m2/nmWavelengthnmHemisphericalW/m2/nmWavelengthnmHemisphericalW/m2/nmWavelengthnmHemisphericalW/m2/nml Ell Ell Ell Ell El1212121212280.0 2.320E-16 307

19、.5 0.1277 335.0 0.6826 362.5 0.7823 390.0 0.9986280.5 2.453E-15 308.0 0.1334 335.5 0.6628 363.0 0.8033 390.5 1.0061281.0 7.972E-15 308.5 0.1406 336.0 0.6063 363.5 0.7799 391.0 1.0646281.5 9.229E-14 309.0 0.1334 336.5 0.5615 364.0 0.8065 391.5 1.0788282.0 4.085E-13 309.5 0.1310 337.0 0.5517 364.5 0.7

20、979 392.0 0.9923282.5 1.081E-12 310.0 0.1482 337.5 0.5914 365.0 0.8274 392.5 0.8262283.0 2.948E-12 310.5 0.1867 338.0 0.6325 365.5 0.9094 393.0 0.5975283.5 4.660E-12 311.0 0.2288 338.5 0.6587 366.0 0.9729 393.5 0.4747284.0 3.901E-11 311.5 0.2283 339.0 0.6684 366.5 0.9732 394.0 0.6162284.5 8.723E-11

21、312.0 0.2380 339.5 0.6836 367.0 0.9539 394.5 0.8493285.0 1.794E-10 312.5 0.2420 340.0 0.7261 367.5 0.9349 395.0 1.0022285.5 5.618E-10 313.0 0.2564 340.5 0.7226 368.0 0.8791 395.5 1.0667286.0 1.452E-09 313.5 0.2608 341.0 0.6754 368.5 0.8720 396.0 0.9371286.5 5.743E-09 314.0 0.2768 341.5 0.6697 369.0

22、0.9103 396.5 0.6807287.0 1.354E-08 314.5 0.2842 342.0 0.6968 369.5 0.9767 397.0 0.5268287.5 3.518E-08 315.0 0.2926 342.5 0.7212 370.0 0.9889 397.5 0.7774288.0 1.168E-07 315.5 0.2604 343.0 0.7314 370.5 0.8928 398.0 1.0521288.5 2.398E-07 316.0 0.2589 343.5 0.6903 371.0 0.9057 398.5 1.2416289.0 5.837E-

23、07 316.5 0.3026 344.0 0.5971 371.5 0.9402 399.0 1.3169289.5 1.539E-06 317.0 0.3446 344.5 0.5718 372.0 0.8791 399.5 1.3562290.0 3.403E-06 317.5 0.3693 345.0 0.6476 372.5 0.8365 400.0 1.3701290.5 6.192E-06 318.0 0.3463 345.5 0.6883 373.0 0.8046291.0 1.192E-05 318.5 0.3480 346.0 0.6704 373.5 0.7244291.

24、5 2.602E-05 319.0 0.3733 346.5 0.6813 374.0 0.7217292.0 4.777E-05 319.5 0.3699 347.0 0.6915 374.5 0.7155292.5 6.429E-05 320.0 0.3889 347.5 0.6665 375.0 0.7626293.0 1.052E-04 320.5 0.4423 348.0 0.6623 375.5 0.8425293.5 2.055E-04 321.0 0.4323 348.5 0.6724 376.0 0.8716294.0 3.080E-04 321.5 0.4091 349.0

25、 0.6464 376.5 0.8568294.5 4.169E-04 322.0 0.3969 349.5 0.6627 377.0 0.9181295.0 6.400E-04 322.5 0.3863 350.0 0.7307 377.5 1.0232295.5 1.137E-03 323.0 0.3664 350.5 0.7842 378.0 1.1015296.0 1.650E-03 323.5 0.4085 351.0 0.7620 378.5 1.0727296.5 2.088E-03 324.0 0.4483 351.5 0.7326 379.0 0.9559297.0 2.48

26、9E-03 324.5 0.4682 352.0 0.7136 379.5 0.8563297.5 3.984E-03 325.0 0.4748 352.5 0.6731 380.0 0.8990298.0 5.347E-03 325.5 0.5390 353.0 0.7140 380.5 0.9619298.5 5.899E-03 326.0 0.6128 353.5 0.7841 381.0 0.9772299.0 7.299E-03 326.5 0.6400 354.0 0.8279 381.5 0.8794299.5 0.0108 327.0 0.6287 354.5 0.8358 3

27、82.0 0.7485300.0 0.0116 327.5 0.6121 355.0 0.8346 382.5 0.6466300.5 0.0130 328.0 0.5744 355.5 0.8043 383.0 0.5788301.0 0.0177 328.5 0.5860 356.0 0.7535 383.5 0.5597301.5 0.0222 329.0 0.6486 356.5 0.7058 384.0 0.6469302.0 0.0229 329.5 0.7136 357.0 0.6201 384.5 0.7779302.5 0.0307 330.0 0.7201 357.5 0.

28、6268 385.0 0.8530303.0 0.0459 330.5 0.6647 358.0 0.5826 385.5 0.8141303.5 0.0546 331.0 0.6283 358.5 0.5404 386.0 0.7846304.0 0.0556 331.5 0.6420 359.0 0.6349 386.5 0.8148304.5 0.0646 332.0 0.6560 359.5 0.7643 387.0 0.8213305.0 0.0798 332.5 0.6540 360.0 0.8074 387.5 0.8086305.5 0.0848 333.0 0.6413 36

29、0.5 0.7621 388.0 0.8000306.0 0.0819 333.5 0.6154 361.0 0.7001 388.5 0.7935306.5 0.0892 334.0 0.6275 361.5 0.6842 389.0 0.8606307.0 0.1080 334.5 0.6615 362.0 0.7157 389.5 0.9529G 177 03 (2008)123.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 air mass zero (AM0)describes solar radiation quan-

30、tities outside the Earths atmosphere at the mean Earth-Sundistance (1 Astronomical Unit). See ASTM E 490.3.2.2 integrated irradiance El1l2spectral irradiance in-tegrated over a specific wavelength interval from l1to l2,measured in Wm-2; mathematically:El1 2l25*l1l2Eldl (1)3.2.3 solar irradiance, hem

31、ispherical EHon a given plane,the solar radiant flux received from the within the 2-p steradianfield of view of a tilted plane from the portion of the sky domeand the foreground included in the planes field of view,including both diffuse and direct solar radiation.3.2.3.1 DiscussionFor the special c

32、ondition of a horizon-tal plane the hemispherical solar irradiance is properly termedglobal solar irradiance, EG. Incorrectly, global tilted, or totalglobal irradiance is often used to indicate hemisphericalirradiance for a tilted plane. In case of a sun-tracking receiver,this hemispherical irradian

33、ce is commonly called global nor-mal irradiance. The adjective global should refer only tohemispherical solar radiation on a horizontal, not a tilted,surface.3.2.4 aerosol optical depth (AOD)the wavelength-dependent total extinction (scattering and absorption) by aero-sols in the atmosphere. This op

34、tical depth (also called “opticalthickness”) is defined here at 500 nm.3.2.4.1 DiscussionSee X1.1.3.2.5 solar irradiance, spectral Elsolar irradiance E perunit wavelength interval at a given wavelength l. (Unit: Wattsper square meter per nanometer, Wm-2nm-1)El5dEdl(2)3.2.6 spectral passbandthe effec

35、tive wavelength intervalwithin which spectral irradiance is allowed to pass, as througha filter or monochromator. The convolution integral of thespectral passband (normalized to unity at maximum) and theincident spectral irradiance produces the effective transmittedirradiance.3.2.6.1 DiscussionSpect

36、ral passband may also be referredto as the spectral bandwidth of a filter or device. Passbands areusually specified as the interval between wavelengths at whichone half of the maximum transmission of the filter or deviceoccurs, or as full-width at half-maximum, FWHM.3.2.7 spectral intervalthe distan

37、ce in wavelength unitsbetween adjacent spectral irradiance data points.3.2.8 spectral resolutionthe minimum wavelength differ-ence between two wavelengths that can be identified unam-biguously.3.2.8.1 DiscussionIn the context of this standard, thespectral resolution is simply the interval, Dl, betwe

38、en spectraldata points, or the spectral interval.3.2.9 total precipitable waterthe depth of a column ofwater (with a section of 1 cm2) equivalent to the condensedwater vapor in a vertical column from the ground to the top ofthe atmosphere. (Unit: cm or g/cm2)3.2.10 total ozonethe depth of a column o

39、f pure ozoneequivalent to the total of the ozone in a vertical column fromthe ground to the top of the atmosphere. (Unit: atmosphere-cm)3.2.11 wavenumbera unit of frequency, y, in units ofreciprocal centimeters (symbol cm-1) commonly used in placeof wavelength, l. The relationship between wavelength

40、 andfrequency is defined by ly = c, where c is the speed of light invacuum. To convert wavenumber to nanometers, lnm = 1107/ycm-1.4. Technical Basis for the Tables4.1 These tables are modeled data generated using an airmass zero (AM0) spectrum based on the extraterrestrial spec-trum of of Gueymard (

41、1,2) derived from Kurucz (5), the UnitedStates Standard Atmosphere of 1976 (USSA) reference Atmo-sphere (6), the Shettle and Fenn Rural Aerosol Profile (7), theSMARTS2 V. 2.9.2 radiative transfer code. Further details areprovided in X1.3.4.2 The 37 tilted surface was selected as it represents theave

42、rage latitude of the contiguous forty-eight states of thecontinental U.S., and outdoor exposure testing often takesplace at latitude tilt.4.3 The documented USSA atmospheric profiles utilized inthe MODTRAN spectral transmission model (6) have beenused to provide atmospheric properties and concentrat

43、ions ofabsorbers.4.4 The SMARTS model Version 2.9.2 is available atInternet URL: http:/rredc.nrel.gov/solar/models/SMARTS.4.5 To provide spectral data with a uniform spectral stepsize, theAM0 spectrum used in conjunction with SMARTS2 togenerate the terrestrial spectrum is slightly different from the

44、ASTM extraterrestrial spectrum, ASTM E 490. BecauseASTM E 490 and SMARTS2 both use the data of Kurucz (5),the SMARTS2 and E 490 spectra are in excellent agreementalthough they do not have the same spectral resolution.4.6 The current spectra reflect improved knowledge ofatmospheric aerosol optical pr

45、operties, transmission properties,and radiative transfer modeling (8).4.7 The terrestrial solar spectral in the tables have beencomputed with a spectral bandwidth equivalent to the spectralresolution of the tables, namely 0.5 nm.5. Significance and Use5.1 This standard does not purport to address th

46、e mean levelof solar ultraviolet spectral irradiance to which materials willbe subjected during their useful life. The spectral irradiancedistributions have been chosen to represent a reasonable upperlimit for natural solar ultraviolet radiation that ought to beconsidered when evaluating the behavio

47、r of materials undervarious exposure conditions.5.2 Absorptance, reflectance, and transmittance of solarenergy are important factors in material degradation studies.These properties are normally functions of wavelength, whichrequire that the spectral distribution of the solar flux be knownbefore the

48、 solar-weighted property can be calculated.5.3 The interpretation of the behavior of materials exposedto either natural solar radiation or ultraviolet radiation fromartificial light sources requires an understanding of the spectralG 177 03 (2008)13energy distribution employed. To compare the relativ

49、e perfor-mance of competitive products, or to compare the performanceof products before and after being subjected to weathering orother exposure conditions, a reference standard solar spectraldistribution is desirable.5.4 A plot of the SMARTS2 model output for the referencehemispherical UV radiation on a 37 south facing tilted surfaceis shown in Fig. 1. The input needed by SMARTS2 to generatethe spectrum for the prescribed conditions are shown in Table2.5.5 SMARTS2 Version 2.9.2 is required to generate AM1.05 UV reference spectra.5.6 The availab