1、Designation: G52 00 (Reapproved 2016)1Standard Practice forExposing and Evaluating Metals and Alloys in SurfaceSeawater1This standard is issued under the fixed designation G52; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorially replaced Terminology G15 with Terminology G193 throughout in November 2016.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers
3、 conditions for the exposure ofmetals, alloys, and other materials in natural surface seawatersuch as those typically found in bays, harbors, channels, and soforth,2as contrasted with deep ocean testing.3This practicecovers full immersion, tidal zone and related splash, and sprayzone exposures.2,41.
4、2 This practice sets forth general procedures that shouldbe followed in conducting seawater exposure tests so thatmeaningful comparisons may be made from one location toanother.1.3 This practice identifies recommended procedures forevaluating the effects of natural surface seawater on thematerials e
5、xposed.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish
6、appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:5D3623 Test Method for Testing Antifouling Panels in Shal-low SubmergenceG1 Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Corro-sion Test Spec
7、imensG30 Practice for Making and Using U-Bend Stress-Corrosion Test SpecimensG38 Practice for Making and Using C-Ring Stress-Corrosion Test SpecimensG39 Practice for Preparation and Use of Bent-Beam Stress-Corrosion Test SpecimensG46 Guide for Examination and Evaluation of Pitting Cor-rosionG58 Prac
8、tice for Preparation of Stress-Corrosion Test Speci-mens for WeldmentsG78 Guide for Crevice Corrosion Testing of Iron-Base andNickel-Base Stainless Alloys in Seawater and OtherChloride-Containing Aqueous EnvironmentsG193 Terminology and Acronyms Relating to Corrosion3. Terminology3.1 Terms relative
9、to this subject matter can be found inTerminology G193.4. Significance and Use4.1 The procedures described herein are recommended forevaluating the corrosion or marine fouling behavior, or both, ofmaterials exposed to quiescent or local tidal flow conditions, orboth.4.1.1 This practice is not intend
10、ed to cover the influence ofhigh seawater velocity or the behavior of materials in seawaterwhich has been transported from its source.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G01 on Corrosionof Metals, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.09 on Corrosion inNatural W
11、aters.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originallyapproved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as G52 00 (2011). DOI:10.1520/G0052-00R16E01.2Kirk, W. W., and Pikul, S. J., Seawater Corrosivity Around the World: Resultsfrom Three Years of Testing, ASTM STP 10
12、86 Corrosion in Natural Waters, 1990,pp. 3-36.3Reinhart, F. M., “Corrosion of Materials in Hydrospace,” Technical ReportR-304, U.S. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory, Port Hueneme, CA, December1966.4Phull, B. S., Pikul, S. J., and Kain, R. M., Seawater Corrosivity Around theWorld: Results from Five
13、 Years of Testing, ASTM STP 1300 Corrosion in NaturalWaters, Vol 2, 1997, pp. 34-73.5For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary p
14、age onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.1.2 Some aspects of this practice may be applicable totesting in tanks and troughs which are continuously providedwith fresh surface seawater. Additionally, some
15、 aspects mayalso be applicable to deep ocean testing.NOTE 1Guide G78 provides guidance for conducting crevice corro-sion tests under controlled seawater test conditions.4.2 While the duration of testing may be dictated by the testobjectives, exposures of more than six months or one year arecommonly
16、used to minimize the effects of environmentalvariables associated with seasonal changes or geographiclocation, or both.4.3 The procedures described are applicable for the expo-sure of simple test panels, welded test panels, or thoseconfigured to assess the effects of crevices, or both, such asthose
17、described in Guide G78. In addition, they are useful fortesting of actual components and fabricated assemblies.4.4 It is prudent to include control materials with knownresistance to seawater corrosion or fouling, or both, as de-scribed in Test Method D3623.NOTE 2Materials which have been included in
18、 ASTM WorldwideSeawater Corrosivity Studies include UNS K01501 (carbon steel), UNSC70600 (90/10 CuNi) and UNS A95086 (5086-H116 Al).2,4NOTE 3In the case of evaluations of aluminum alloys, care should beexercised in the location of specimens near copper or high copper-containing alloys. In some insta
19、nces, it is not sufficient to simplyelectrically isolate specimens to prevent bi-metallic (galvanic) corrosion;copper ions from nearby corroding copper or copper-base alloys candeposit on aluminum and accelerate its corrosion.5. Test Sites5.1 Test sites should be chosen at locations representative o
20、fnatural seawater environments where the metals or alloys to betested may be used. Ideally, a natural seawater test site shouldhave clean, uncontaminated seawater, be in a protectedlocation, and have facilities for such tests as splash, tidal, andfull immersion. Reference should be made to tropical
21、versusother conditions, and seasonal variations in temperature and indeposition of marine growth on the test panels with a defined“fouling season.”5.2 Periodic observations of critical water parametersshould be made and reported; depending on the experiment,these might include water temperature, sal
22、inity, conductivity,pH, oxygen content, and tidal flow (velocity). If there isconcern about the quality of water at the test site, it issuggested that ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxidebe determined periodically using analytical chemistry proce-dures.26. Exposure Racks6.1 Test racks shoul
23、d be constructed of a material that willremain intact for the entire proposed period of exposure.Nickel-copper alloy 400 (UNS No. N04400) has been found tobe an excellent material, but is not recommended for holdingaluminum specimens. Coated aluminum racks (6061-T6 or5086-H32) also have given satisf
24、actory service. Nonmetallicracks made from reinforced plastic or treated wood might alsobe used.6.2 Specimens must be insulated from the test racks.Mounting devices made of porcelain and other non-metallicmaterials are commonly used. It should be recognized that thespecimen contact areas with mounti
25、ng devices may producecrevice corrosion of some susceptible materials, for example,some stainless steel and aluminum alloys.NOTE 4Bolts used to secure the insulators must be galvanicallycompatible with the test rack.6.3 Spacing of the mounted specimens can be important. Itis desirable to have suffic
26、ient space between surfaces of testspecimens to ensure that adequate water flows between themand that with long exposures the accumulated fouling will notblock off the surface to the presence of the seawater environ-ment.6.4 Specimen location maps or charts should be preparedand maintained to ensure
27、 positive identification at the conclu-sion of testing. Pre-exposure photographs of assembled testracks are useful.6.5 Racks may be suspended by such materials as nylon,polyester, or polypropylene rope depending on prevailingconditions. Steel wire rope should be avoided.6.5.1 For multiple year expos
28、ures, it is recommended thatthe rack support rope be resistant to degradation by seawater aswell as ultraviolet light.6.6 Exposure racks should be suspended so that attachedspecimens will be oriented vertically and subjected to the fulleffects of the seawater but free of galvanic contact with others
29、pecimens and with minimal sedimentation of silt and debrison the specimen.6.6.1 It should be recognized that in time some supportropes may stretch due to the added mass of marine fouling. Inshallow waters, this should be taken into account to avoidunwanted contact with the sea bed or bottom. In some
30、 cases,the added mass will also make test rack removal more difficult.NOTE 5It should be recognized that barnacles attached to rack supportropes will create potential hazards if manual lifting is required.6.7 If periodic removals are envisioned, it is recommendedthat different racks be utilized to s
31、upport specimens for eachtest period. Otherwise, marine fouling and corrosion productson other specimens may be disturbed and possibly affectsubsequent behavior of the test material.6.7.1 It is prudent to check the security of support ropes andthe presence of the test racks from time-to-time.7. Spec
32、imens7.1 When the material to be tested is in sheet form, anominal specimen size of 100 by 300 mm (approximately 4 by12 in.) is recommended. Specimens may be larger or smaller tosuit a particular test.7.2 Odd shaped samples and assemblies comprising like ordissimilar metals can also be tested. If te
33、sting materials in oddshapes (bolts, nuts, pipes, and so forth) is desired, a means ofsupporting them in the test racks must be devised. It isimportant that the specimens be electrically insulated fromtheir respective supports and from each other to preventformation of galvanic corrosion cells. In s
34、ome instances it isG52 00 (2016)12not sufficient to isolate specimens electrically to preventcorrosion of one material. For example, great care must beexercised with aluminum specimens or racks so that they willnot be contaminated by copper, which will cause acceleratedcorrosion of the aluminum. A g
35、alvanic couple is not necessaryto accelerate the corrosion of aluminum by copper. Copper oralloys containing copper physically located in the vicinity ofaluminum may corrode sufficiently so that accelerated corro-sion of the aluminum may be caused by copper deposition onthe aluminum. (See Note 3.) A
36、gain, appropriate insulatingsupports are required.7.2.1 Some specimen configurations for evaluating resis-tance to crevice corrosion or stress corrosion cracking may betested under this practice. Examples are provided in GuideG78, Practices G30, G38, G39, and G58.7.3 The total number of test specime
37、ns required should bedetermined from a knowledge of the duration of the test and theplanned removals of the specimens for intermediate evalua-tions. For reliable results, a sufficient number of replicatespecimens should be used for removal at each exposure period.Triplicate specimens for each exposu
38、re period will usuallysatisfy this requirement. A suitable removal schedule might be0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 years. In case of uncertainty as to analloys corrosion resistance, shorter intervals might beappropriate, and corrosion rate data may be used to establishmore appropriate exposure periods.8.
39、Preparation of Specimens8.1 IdentificationSpecimens should be marked in a man-ner that will ensure identification for the life of the test. Oneproven method is to use a series of notches or drilled holesarranged according to some desired code. Numbers stamped onrelatively corrosion-resistant materia
40、ls may be suitable forsome tests. Another method is to attach a corrosion-resistantmetal tag (for example, alloy 625 (UNS No. N06625), alloyC276 (UNS No. N10276), titanium, or alloy 400 (UNS No.N04400), (except for aluminum alloys), or PTFE) by means ofan insulating cord and a suitably located hole.
41、NOTE 6In long term tests, unless fabricated from antifoulingmaterials, identification tags may also become encrusted with marinefouling.8.2 CleaningOil, grease, and dirt should be removed bydegreasing with a solvent cleaner and scrubbing to removeinsoluble soils. Mill scale should be removed from al
42、l testspecimens unless it is specifically desired to perform the testwith the mill scale intact. Pickling with an appropriate acid (seePractice G1) grit blasting or machining are acceptable descal-ing methods. If acid pickling is used, care must be taken to stopthe pickling action as soon as the mil
43、l scale has been removed.It is recommended that the finish be as close as possible to thecondition in which the material will be used. To facilitateexamination of exposed specimens, it is important that auniform finish be applied to the surface; that is, there should beno pits or other depressions w
44、hich might look like corrosionattack. To facilitate meaningful examination of exposed speci-mens it is important that any irregularities on the specimensurfaces be noted initially so that these areas will not beconfused with pits or other corrosion at the completion of theexperiments.8.2.1 When a sp
45、ecific surface finish, such as pickled, scaled,as welded, sandblasted, or ground, is to be evaluated, the finishon the test specimens should be in accordance with testrequirements. Thus, two types of tests are involved here: (1)analloy evaluation test with the surface finish as close as possibleto t
46、he condition in which the material will be used, and (2)asurface finish test.8.2.2 To facilitate examination of exposed specimens, it isimportant that the pre-test surface condition be as defect-free aspossible. Pre-existing pits and other depressions should benoted (or photographed) to avoid possib
47、le confusion duringfinal inspection.8.3 WeighingSpecimens should be weighed to the preci-sion preferred by the investigator, usually 61 mg. Recordsshould be kept of the mass, physical dimensions, and appear-ance of each specimen, including surfaces and edges, at thebeginning of the test. Changes in
48、the physical appearance andany corrosion losses of the specimen due to exposure can thenbe determined.9. Evaluation of Test Specimens9.1 Remove specimens from exposure at the scheduledtimes or other appropriate times.9.2 Without scratching the specimens, scrape off marinegrowth and barnacles (see No
49、te 7). Clean the panels inaccordance with Practice G1, and then reweigh to precisionsestablished by the investigator. For certain tests, it may be ofinterest to preserve corrosion products for laboratory evalua-tion. Photographs before and after cleaning are usually valu-able documentation.NOTE 7Plastic or wooden scrapers should be used to removebarnacles.9.3 Determine the mass loss of each specimen from the pre-and post-exposure weighings and convert the results to acorrosion rate (Practice G1) or plot as mass loss per unit areaversus exposure time. Where the corrosi
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