1、Designation: G56 10Standard Test Method forAbrasiveness of Ink-Impregnated Fabric Printer Ribbonsand Other Web Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation G56; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abra-siveness of ink-impregnated fabric printer ribbons and otherw
3、eb materials by means of a sliding wear test.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to ad
4、dress all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2G40 Terminol
5、ogy Relating to Wear and Erosion3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 abrasive wear coeffcient (for a ribbon)a measure ofthe ability of the ribbon to wear surfaces with which it comesin contact. The larger the value, the greater the ability to causewear. The abrasive
6、 wear coefficient determined by this methodis directly proportional to the volume of material removed fromthe steel sphere in the test.3.2 For additional terms pertinent to this test method, seeTerminology G40.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A ribbon specimen is wrapped around the cylindricalsurface of
7、 a drum. A hardened steel sphere is pressed againstthe ribbon surface. While the drum rotates about its axis, thesteel sphere is slowly moved in an axial direction across thesurface of the ribbon (Note 1). After a specified amount ofsliding has occurred, the test is stopped and the volume ofmaterial
8、 removed from the steel sphere is determined. Thisvolume is then used to compute an abrasive wear coefficient forthe ribbon specimen.NOTE 1These two motions ensure that the unused ribbon is continu-ally supplied to the contact area of the wear specimen; however, thecontact region usually contains a
9、mixture of unused and used ribbonsurface.5. Significance and Use35.1 This test method differentiates between web materialson the basis of their ability to cause wear on surfaces withwhich they come in contact. This test method can also be usedto evaluate the wear resistance of different materials ag
10、ainstsuch web materials.6. Apparatus46.1 Ribbon Support SurfaceThe overall shape of thismember is that of a cylindrical drum 48 6 1 in. (1220 625 mm) in diameter, concentric to within 0.0005 in. (0.013mm) total run-out, and 8.25 + 0.250in.(210+60mm)wide (see Fig. 1). The support surface is the cylin
11、drical surface.This surface shall be rigid, made of metal (Note 2), and havea slot no greater than 0.020 in. (0.5 mm) in it so that the endsof the ribbon may be fed through into the interior. The interiorshall contain a mechanism to uniformly provide tension to theribbon specimen. This member shall
12、be able to rotate about itsaxis and provide a linear velocity at the surface of the ribbonof 321 6 6 in./s (8150 6 150 mm/s).NOTE 22024 aluminum with a minimum thickness of 0.25 in.(6.35 mm) is adequate. The roughness of this surface should not exceed 20in. (0.5 m), CLA.1This test method is under th
13、e jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wearand Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.30 on AbrasiveWear.Current edition approved April 1, 2010. Published April 2010. Originallyapproved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as G5682(2005). DOI:10.1520/G0056-10.2For r
14、eferenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Adiscussion of the wear process and the influence of various param
15、eters on thewear can be found in Bayer, R. G., “Wear by Paper and Ribbon,” Wear, Vol 49,1978, pp. 147168 and Bayer, R. G., “ Mechanism of Wear by Ribbon and Paper,”IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol 22, No. 6, November 1978, pp.668674.4Supporting data (implementation of the apparatus requi
16、red is discussed in“Testing Machine for the Evaluation of Wear by Paper,”) have been filed at ASTMInternational Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research ReportRR:G02-1000.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States
17、.6.2 Wear Specimen SupportThis member shall be able topress a rigidly mounted 0.25-in. (6.35-mm) diameter sphericalwear specimen against the ribbon surface and advance thespecimen across the surface of the ribbon specimen in an axialdirection at a rate of 0.001 6 0.0001 in. (0.254 6 0.025 mm)per dru
18、m revolution (see Fig. 2). The mounting shall be of sucha construction that continual contact with the ribbon surface ismaintained with a normal load of 0.22 lb (this corresponds tothe dead-weight load produced by a 100-g mass) between thewear specimen and ribbon surface and sufficiently rigid so th
19、atno rotation occurs.7. Materials7.1 Wear SpecimenThe standard wear specimens arecommercially available hardened steel balls. The balls shall bemade ofAISI 52100 steel with a characteristic hardness of 730to 760 HV at 500 g and have a diameter of 0.25 6 0.002 in.(6.35 6 0.5 mm). The surface roughnes
20、s of the spheres shall beequal to or less than 2 in. (0.02 m) CLA. Alternate materialsmay be used, with similar dimensional and surface roughnessvalues and tolerances, when evaluating their resistance to wearagainst a single web material.7.2 Ribbon SpecimenThe ribbon specimen(s) shall be ofsufficien
21、t length so that the circumference of the drum can becompletely covered and have enough length remaining so thatthe ends may be engaged by the internal tensioning device.This would require a specimen length in the range from 150 to200 in. (4000 to 5000 mm). The preferred width of a specimenis 8 in (
22、200 mm); however, narrower specimens may beutilized provided a sufficient number is available to achieve atotal minimum sliding distance of 5.8 3 105in. (14.7 3106mm) without reuse of the same sample. This is approxi-mately an effective total specimen width of 4 in. (100 mm).8. Ambient Conditions8.1
23、 The relative humidity and temperature under which thetest is conducted shall be monitored and recorded. Themounted ribbon specimen shall be allowed to equilibrate for aminimum of1hattherelative humidity and temperature atwhich the test will be conducted.9. Procedure9.1 Put one end of the ribbon thr
24、ough the slot in the drumand fasten to the tension device. Then wrap the ribbon aroundthe surface of the drum so that the outer surface of the ribbonis exposed. Feed the other end of the ribbon through the slotand fasten to the tension device.Apply sufficient tension so thatthe ribbon uniformly conf
25、orms to the surface of the drum andis held taut. Align the ribbon specimen so that the wearspecimen does not contact or slide off the edges during thecourse of the test.9.2 After the wear specimen is mounted to the wear speci-men support, press the wear specimen against the surface of theribbon with
26、 a load of 100 g. Contact should be made near butnot with the edge of the ribbon.After the load has been applied,simultaneously start the axial motion of the specimen and therotation of the drum.9.3 For ribbon specimens of sufficient width, continue thesliding for a minimum of 30 min, or 5.8 3 105in
27、. (14.7 3106mm) of sliding, without coming in contact with the edge ofthe ribbon specimen. Then remove the wear specimen from thesurface while the drum is still rotating. Record the slidingduration.9.4 For narrower specimens for which this cannot be done,remove the wear specimen from the ribbon surf
28、ace prior tocontacting the ribbon edge, while the drum is still rotating.Record the duration of sliding. Then stop the drum and pressthe wear specimen against a new ribbon specimen that has beenmounted on the drum and continue the sliding. Repeat thisprocess until the wear specimen has experienced a
29、 totalduration of sliding of at least 30 min.9.5 Total sliding duration should equal or exceed 30 min,with longer durations being preferred since they generate morewear. In general, the sliding duration should be selected so thata measurable wear scar results. Typical sliding durations arefrom1to3h.
30、9.6 After the wear specimen has accumulated the desiredamount of sliding and has been removed from contact with theribbon, clean it with a suitable solvent. Determine the volumeof material removed from the wear specimen. Any techniquefor determining the volume may be used provided it has theTABLE 1
31、Metric Equivalentsin. 0.020 0.25 1 8.25 48mm 0.51 6.35 25.4 210 1220FIG. 1 Ribbon Support SurfaceFIG. 2 Test MotionG56102capability of measuring volumes in the range of 5 3 108in.3(106cm3). A suggested method for determining the volume isdescribed in Appendix X1.10. Calculations10.1 The dimensionles
32、s abrasive wear coefficient for theribbon, K, is obtained from the following equation:K 5 1.5 3 104s/in.33Vt(1)where:V = volume of wear, in.3, andt = total duration of sliding, s.The higher the value of K, the more abrasive is the ribbon.10.2 This equation is developed from the following wearrelatio
33、nship:V 5 KPx/Hm (2)where:P = normal load,x = total distance of sliding, andHm = diamond pyramid hardness of the wear specimen.11. Report11.1 When the wear coefficient for a ribbon is stated, therelative humidity and temperature conditions under which itwas obtained shall be given.12. Precision and
34、Bias512.1 The precision and accuracy of this test method arestrongly influenced by the precision and accuracy to which thewear volume can be determined. Repeated tests with the samewear apparatus on controlled ribbon samples have generallyresulted in standard deviations of 5 to 25 %, when the volume
35、measurement technique described in the appendix is used.Interlaboratory tests with similar apparatus have indicated thatthe reproducibility of values is within 25 %.13. Keywords13.1 abrasiveness; abrasive wear coefficient; fabric ribbons;ink-impregnatedAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. DETERMINA
36、TION OF WEAR VOLUMEX1.1 One method for determining the wear volume, V,isby the use of a surface profilometer. In such a case, an initialreference profilometer trace is taken of the unworn wearspecimen. After the test, two profilometer traces through themiddle of the wear scar are taken. These traces
37、 must extendinto the unworn areas of either side of the wear area. One traceis taken in a direction parallel to the sliding direction, the other,perpendicular. The wear volume is then determined by com-parison of the reference profile to the worn profiles.X1.2 A second method for determining the wea
38、r volume isthrough the use of a non-contact surface profilometer andsuitable software, in which the wear scar perimeter is usedalong with the known diametrical dimensions of the ball tocompute the volume of material removed. If such calculationscannot be made by the software, before and after measur
39、e-ments can be made and the volume can be determined in asimilar manner to that for the use of a stylus-based profilome-ter.X1.3 This comparison is illustrated in Fig. X1.1. The wearvolume V8 obtained from such a comparison is determined bythe following equation:V8 5 1.0472 H20.3750 2 H! 1 1.5708 T
40、A11 A2! (X1.1)where:H = height of the cap indicated in Fig. X1.1, in.,T = base of the cap in Fig. X1.1, in., andA1and A2= measured areas of the triangular regionindicated in Fig. X1.1, in.2(see Note X1.1).NOTE X1.1A1and A2may be determined by any convenient method.Some methods that may be used are:
41、approximating these regions by asimple geometrical shape whose areas are known; by the use of aplanimeter, or by determining the number of unit squares contained in theregions. In each of these cases the area as measured must be converted bydividing it by the product of the magnifications in the hor
42、izontal andvertical direction to give the actual values of the area.X1.4 The volume, V, used for the calculation of the ribbonwear constant, is the average of the volumes determined for theparallel. V|8 and perpendicular measurement, V|ny8, as follows:V 5V|8 1 V8!/2 (X1.2)5Supporting data have been
43、filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:G02-1002.FIG. X1.1 Wear DeterminationG56103ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this stan
44、dard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
45、if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, w
46、hich you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
47、,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).G56104
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