1、Designation: G81 97a (Reapproved 2013)Standard Test Method forJaw Crusher Gouging Abrasion Test1This standard is issued under the fixed designation G81; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anum
2、ber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure todetermine the relative gouging abrasion resistance of materials.Materials homogeneous in st
3、ructure and properties are the mostappropriate test materials; however, surface-treated and com-posite materials can also be tested. The test involves a smalllaboratory jaw crusher that crushes presized hard rockmaterials, such as a hard morainal gravel, or some othercrushable substance.1.2 This sta
4、ndard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 8.1 on SafetyPrecauti
5、ons.)2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A128/A128M Specification for Steel Castings, AusteniticManganeseA514/A514M Specification for High-Yield-Strength,Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Plate, Suitable forWeldingA517/A517M Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates,AlloySteel, High-Strength,
6、Quenched and TemperedE10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic MaterialsE18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-terialsE30 Test Methods for ChemicalAnalysis of Steel, Cast Iron,Open-Hearth Iron, and Wrought Iron (Withdrawn 1995)3E140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relatio
7、nshipAmong Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, RockwellHardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, Sclero-scope Hardness, and Leeb HardnessE350 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Carbon Steel,Low-Alloy Steel, Silicon Electrical Steel, Ingot Iron, andWrought IronE691 Practice for Conducting an
8、 Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodG40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 gouging abrasionsevere form of abrasive wear inwhich the force between an abrading body and the wearingsurface is sufficiently large that a macroscopic gou
9、ge, groove,deep scratch, or indentation can be produced in a singlecontact.3.1.2 The definitions of some other related terms may befound in Terminology G40.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cheek plateswear liners that protect the sides of thecrusher adjacent to the movable an
10、d stationary jaws.3.2.2 movable jawpart of the crusher that moves againstthe material being crushed.3.2.3 reference platejaw plate made of a material uniformin microstructure and hardness and not varying significantlyfrom one piece to another; such a plate will give highlyreproducible results, to wh
11、ich other materials to be tested maybe compared.3.2.4 stationary jawpart of the crusher that does notarticulate, but is directly opposite the movable jaw and is indirect crushing contact.3.2.5 test platejaw plate made of a material for which thegouging abrasion resistance is to be measured.3.2.6 tog
12、gle plateplate that holds the bottom edge of themovable jaw relative to the stationary jaw.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A small laboratory jaw crusher with a feed opening ofabout 100 by 150 mm (4 by 6 in.) is modified to accept aneasily machined identical pair of reference wear plates and apair of s
13、imilar test wear plates. One test plate and one referenceplate are attached to the stationary jaw frame of the crusher,1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wearand Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.30 on AbrasiveWear.Current edition approved
14、 Nov. 15, 2013. Published November 2013. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as G8197a(2007). DOI:10.1520/G0081-97AR13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStand
15、ards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1and the other
16、 test and reference plate are attached to themovable jaw frame, such that a reference plate and a test plateoppose one another. The minimum jaw opening is set at3.2 mm (0.125 in.), and a 225-kg (500-lb) load of prescreenedmaterial of suitable hardness is run through the crusher. Theminimum opening i
17、s then reset to 3.2 mm (0.125 in.) andanother 225 kg (500 lb) of rock is crushed. This is repeateduntil a minimum of 900 kg (2000 lb) of rock is crushed. Theprecleaned and weighed test plates are then recleaned andweighed, and the mass loss (in grams) is recorded. The volumeloss may be calculated fr
18、om the mass loss and the knowndensities of the test materials, or it may be measured fornonmonolithic materials.Awear ratio is developed by dividingthe volume loss of the test plate by the volume loss of thereference plate. This is done separately for the stationary andthe movable plates. The two we
19、ar ratios are then averaged fora final test wear ratio. The smaller the decimal figure for thewear ratio the better the wear resistance of the test platecompared to the reference plate. When highly wear resistanttest and reference plates are used the total amount of rock mustbe increased to 1800 kg
20、(4000 lb) or more.5. Significance and Use5.1 A number of types of jaw crushers have been used forlaboratory abrasion tests, see Refs (1-5)4and a limited amountof data has been published (6-10). With emphasis on thecrusher described in Section 6, this test method ranks materialsand also indicates dif
21、ferences in wear life for that type ofabrasion defined as gouging abrasion, as is found in crushingequipment and in many mining and earthmoving applications.This test method is considered useful for research and devel-opment purposes, but not to specify universal wear ratios, sincethe wear ranking a
22、nd severity of wear may change dramaticallywith a change of the characteristics (chemistry, shape,angularity, etc.) of the crushed material or type of machinery.4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.FIG. 1 Typical Jaw Crusher Construction and L
23、ayout of the Test PlatesG81 97a (2013)26. Apparatus6.1 A jaw crusher with an approximate feed opening of 100by 150 mm (4 by 6 in.) is used.5This should have a singlemovable jaw and be of very rugged construction (see Fig. 1).6.2 The jaw crusher should be capable of accepting twoidentical wear plates
24、 on the stationary jaw frame and two wearplates of the same design on the movable jaw frame. Platelocating devices should be attached to hold the plates tightly inposition. The plate-bottom locating device shall ensure repro-ducible positioning of the bottom of each test plate for eachtest. The crus
25、her shaft bearings should be roller or needlebearings to hold consistent tolerances. Spacers may be affixedto the shaft to prevent the movable head from changing the gapon the sides of the jaws. The toggle plate should be easilyremoved for rebuilding. The machine should have easilyreplaceable wear l
26、iners for the toggle plate holders.6.3 A motor of higher power than a standard crusher motormay be necessary, since the flat wear plate design takes morepower to crush the rock.A5.2-kW(7-hp) motor has been foundto be satisfactory for this test method.6.4 Important Tolerances:6.4.1 Toggle Plate Lengt
27、h, +0 to 1.5 mm (+0 to 0.062in.).6.4.2 Wear Liners in Toggle Plate Holders, +0 to 0.75 mm(+0 to 0.031 in.).6.4.3 Side to Side Movement of Movable Frame, 60.75 mm(60.031 in.).6.4.4 Wear Groove in Cheek Plates, no deeper than 6 mm(0.250 in.).6.4.5 Shaft Movement Relative to Crusher Frame, less than0.2
28、5 mm (0.010 in.).6.4.6 Movable Jaw Frame Movement Relative to Shaft, lessthan 0.25 mm (0.010 in.).6.4.7 Difference in Toe-to-Toe Spacing, no more than 0.25mm (0.010 in.) across the width of the crusher exit.6.5 A frame should be made to support the crusher. Theframework must include a hopper above t
29、he crusher that willhold a minimum of 225 kg (500 lb) of rock at one time. Belowthe hopper a lever-actuated control gate and a chute should beattached to deliver the rock into the crusher opening. Below thecrusher a removable box may be installed that will hold 225 kg(500 lb) minimum of crushed rock
30、. This box should have a lidwith an opening just below the crusher exit.6.6 An evacuation blower should be installed on the frameto pull dust out of the crushing area and the receiving box andmove it to an acceptable collection or dump area. A protectivemagnetic grate should be installed at the top
31、of the hopper tocollect any tramp iron or steel in the rock.6.7 One or more dump boxes are recommended that willhold 225 kg (500 lb) of rock. This is for weighing the rock andtransporting it to the hopper above the crusher.6.8 A method of weighing 225 kg (500 lb) of rock and thecontainer should be a
32、vailable.6.9 A balance of sufficient capacity to weigh the test platesis necessary. The sensitivity should be at least 60.1 g.7. Materials7.1 Reference Plates:7.1.1 Reference plates can be made of any readily availablematerial that gives wear behavior consistent with Section 9.7.1.2 The most common
33、reference wear plate materials areSpecification A514/A514M, Grade B steel plate, or Specifica-tion A517/A517M, Grade B plate, quenched and tempered. Itis suggested that an effort be made to select a plate as close aspossible (68 HB maximum) to 269 HB hardness (see TestMethods E10 or E18 and Hardness
34、 Conversion Tables E140).A large plate should be purchased and cut into pieces suitableto machine into individual plates. The direction of rollingshould be in the direction of rock flow through the crusher.Each new batch should be compared with the previous batch.NOTE 1The exact hardness of the refe
35、rence wear plate material is notcritical, but most published data are based upon experiments utilizingreference wear plates quite close to 269 HB.7.1.3 Cast manganese steel reference plates can also beused. Specification A128/A128M, Grade A is a consistent castproduct and works well as a reference m
36、aterial for testing morewear resistant materials. The plates should be cast oversize andthen heat treated. A narrow carbon range of 1.15 % 6 0.02 %is recommended, rather than a specific hardness (see TestMethods E30 and E350).7.1.4 Any material can be used as a reference material if itprovides resul
37、ts consistent with Section 9, and if later batchesalso reproduce original values. Any secondary reference ma-terial can be referenced or calibrated by running it against theprimary reference material to find by what percentage the weardiffers from the primary reference material.7.2 Rock:7.2.1 The ro
38、ck to be crushed should be a hard, tough,precrushed material sized to be between 25 mm (1 in.) and 50mm (2 in.). A hard morainal rock with the following compo-sition is given as an example (proportions are not critical):18 % quartz and quartzite, 28 % basalt, 20 % granite andgneiss, and 34 % limesto
39、ne and shale.7.2.2 However, the rock composition and hardness are notcritical to the test. For example, taconite has been used, leadingto a large increase in plate wear rate compared to the morainalrock, but with no more than an 8 % variation in the wear ratiomeasured on the samples tested.8. Precau
40、tions8.1 Safety Precautions:8.1.1 All belts and flywheels should have metal guards tomeet OSHA standards.8.1.2 A safe means of manual operation of the machineshould be provided.8.1.3 The on/off switch should have a key-operated lockout.8.1.4 The fill chute should fit well enough so that all rock isd
41、irected to the crushing chamber.5A Massco laboratory jaw crusher from Mine and Smelter, P.O. Box 16067,Denver, CO 80216 has been successfully modified for this test. If you are aware ofalternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receiv
42、e careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,1which you may attend.G81 97a (2013)38.1.5 Aproper ladder should be fixed to the structure so thatthe operator can climb up to pick tramp iron from the magneticgrate in the hopper and to perform various inspections.8.2 Techni
43、cal Precautions:8.2.1 The wear test plates must be identified as to testlocation, and this identification must be retained through finalweighing.8.2.2 Close tolerances, as noted in Fig. 2, must be kept,especially on the toe end of the test plates. This must becontrolled carefully to achieve a consis
44、tent opening and,therefore, a consistent rock flow across the test specimen.8.2.3 All decarburized metal should be machined from thetest surface and edges prior to testing (see Fig. 2).8.2.4 Any heat-affected zone from torch cutting should beremoved from the test plates.8.2.5 Samples for testing sho
45、uld be selected from a uniformmaterial lot using accepted statistical practice.8.2.6 If heat treatment is required, the test specimen blankshould be heat treated prior to machining to size. The heattreatment must be identical for both test plates that constitute asingle test.8.2.7 The test specimen
46、should be finished to final size bygrinding. Steps should be taken to ensure that no significantheating of the test specimen occurs, either from the grindingoperation or during the test, that may cause a change inhardness or structure. It is recommended that a minimum of 2.5mm (0.100 in.) of materia
47、l be removed from the wear surface.(This is to ensure the removal of any decarburization that mayhave occurred during heat treatment.) Ignore this precaution inthe case of surface-treated materials. The wear face should alsobe inspected for grinding cracks. The hardness can be checkedon the machined
48、 surface in the area of high wear prior totesting.8.2.8 Tolerances must be developed for each crusher design,so as to ensure a constant operation. Fig. 2 includes tolerancesfor a test specimen design that fits the modified laboratory jawcrusher noted in 6.1.8.2.9 Tolerances must be maintained to kee
49、p the side-to-siderock flow and crushing even in the crusher. The tolerances aregiven in 6.4.8.2.10 For morainal gravel, the test rock can be slightlydamp but not dripping wet at time of testing. Holding inside abuilding for 86.4 ks (24 h) prior to test should be adequate ifthe water is allowed to drain away from the rock. For materialsother than morainal gravel, the effects of moisture have notbeen studied.8.2.11 Observe the crushed rock size when the testingfacility is first put into operation. If the final crushed rock sizegets noticeably larger as machine use contin
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