1、Designation: G99 05 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Test Method forWear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus1This standard is issued under the fixed designation G99; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure fordetermining the wear of materials during sliding using apin-on-disk apparatus. Mate
3、rials are tested in pairs undernominally non-abrasive conditions. The principal areas ofexperimental attention in using this type of apparatus tomeasure wear are described. The coefficient of friction mayalso be determined.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other uni
4、ts of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regu
5、latory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying ObservationsG40 Terminology Relating to Wear and ErosionG117 Guide for Calculating and Reporting Measures ofPrecision Using Data from Interlaboratory Wear or Ero-sion Tests2.2 DIN Stand
6、ard:3DIN 50324 Testing of Friction and Wear3. Summary of Test Method3.1 For the pin-on-disk wear test, two specimens are re-quired. One, a pin with a radiused tip, is positioned perpen-dicular to the other, usually a flat circular disk. A ball, rigidlyheld, is often used as the pin specimen. The tes
7、t machinecauses either the disk specimen or the pin specimen to revolveabout the disk center. In either case, the sliding path is a circleon the disk surface. The plane of the disk may be orientedeither horizontally or vertically.NOTE 1Wear results may differ for different orientations.3.1.1 The pin
8、 specimen is pressed against the disk at aspecified load usually by means of an arm or lever and attachedweights. Other loading methods have been used, such ashydraulic or pneumatic.NOTE 2Wear results may differ for different loading methods.3.2 Wear results are reported as volume loss in cubicmilli
9、metres for the pin and the disk separately. When twodifferent materials are tested, it is recommended that eachmaterial be tested in both the pin and disk positions.3.3 The amount of wear is determined by measuring appro-priate linear dimensions of both specimens before and after thetest, or by weig
10、hing both specimens before and after the test. Iflinear measures of wear are used, the length change or shapechange of the pin, and the depth or shape change of the diskwear track (in millimetres) are determined by any suitablemetrological technique, such as electronic distance gaging orstylus profi
11、ling. Linear measures of wear are converted to wearvolume (in cubic millimetres) by using appropriate geometricrelations. Linear measures of wear are used frequently inpractice since mass loss is often too small to measure precisely.If loss of mass is measured, the mass loss value is converted tovol
12、ume loss (in cubic millimetres) using an appropriate valuefor the specimen density.3.4 Wear results are usually obtained by conducting a testfor a selected sliding distance and for selected values of loadand speed. One set of test conditions that was used in aninterlaboratory measurement series is g
13、iven in Table 1 andTable 2 as a guide. Other test conditions may be selecteddepending on the purpose of the test.3.5 Wear results may in some cases be reported as plots ofwear volume versus sliding distance using different specimensfor different distances. Such plots may display non-linearrelationsh
14、ips between wear volume and distance over certainportions of the total sliding distance, and linear relationshipsover other portions. Causes for such differing relationships1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wearand Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcom
15、mittee G02.40 on Non-Abrasive Wear.Current edition approved June 1, 2016. Published June 2016. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as G99 05 (2010). DOI:10.1520/G0099-05R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Se
16、rvice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Beuth Verlag GmbH (DIN- DIN Deutsches Institut furNormung e.V.), Burggrafenstrasse 6, 10787, Berlin, Germany, http:/www.en.din.de.Copyright A
17、STM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1include initial “break-in” processes, transitions between re-gions of different dominant wear mechanisms, and so forth.The extent of such non-linear periods depends on the details ofthe test system
18、, materials, and test conditions.3.6 It is not recommended that continuous wear depth dataobtained from position-sensing gages be used because of thecomplicated effects of wear debris and transfer films present inthe contact gap, and interferences from thermal expansion orcontraction.4. Significance
19、 and Use4.1 The amount of wear in any system will, in general,depend upon the number of system factors such as the appliedload, machine characteristics, sliding speed, sliding distance,the environment, and the material properties. The value of anywear test method lies in predicting the relative rank
20、ing ofmaterial combinations. Since the pin-on-disk test method doesnot attempt to duplicate all the conditions that may beexperienced in service (for example; lubrication, load,TABLE 1 Characteristics of the Interlaboratory Wear Test SpecimensNOTE 1See Note 4 for information.Composition (weight% ) M
21、icrostructure Hardness (HV 10)RoughnessARz(mean) (m) Ra(mean) (m)Steel ball (100 Cr6) (AISI 52 100)BDiameter 10 mm1.35 to 1.65 Cr0.95 to 1.10 C0.15 to 0.35 Si0.25 to 0.45 Mnmartensitic with minor carbidesand austenite838 21 0.100 0.010Steel disc (100 Cr6) (AISI 52 100)CDiameter 40 mm 0.030 P0.030 Sm
22、artensitic with minor carbidesand austenite852 14 0.952 0.113Alumina ball, diameter = 10 mmDAlumina disc, diameter = 40.6 mmD95 % Al2O3(with addi-tives of TiO2,MgO, and ZnO)equi-granular alpha aluminawith very minor secondaryphases1610 101 (HV 0.2)1599 144 (HV 0.2)1.3690.9680.1230.041AMeasured by st
23、ylus profilometry. Rzis maximum peak-to-valley roughness. Rais arithmetic average roughness.BStandard ball-bearing balls (SKF).CStandard spacers for thrust bearings (INA).DManufactured by Compagnie Industrielle des Ceramiques Electroniques, France.TABLE 2 Results of the Interlaboratory TestsANOTE 1
24、See Note 4.NOTE 2Numbers in parentheses refer to all data received in the tests. In accordance with Practice E178, outlier data values were identified in somecases and discarded, resulting in the numbers without parentheses. The differences are seen to be small.NOTE 3Values preceded by are one stand
25、ard deviation.NOTE 4Data were provided by 28 laboratories.NOTE 5Calculated quantities (for example, wear volume) are given as mean values only.NOTE 6Values labeled “NM” were found to be smaller than the reproducible limit of measurement.NOTE 7A similar compilation of test data is given in DIN 50324.
26、Results (ball) (disk)Specimen PairsSteel-steel Alumina-steel Steel-alumina Alumina-aluminaBall wear scar diameter (mm) 2.11 0.27(2.11 0.27)NM 2.08 0.35(2.03 0.41)0.3 0.06(0.3 0.06)Ball wear volume (103mm3) 198(198). 186(169)0.08(0.08)Number of values 102(102). 60(64)56(59)Disk wear scar width (mm) N
27、M 0.64 0.12(0.64 0.12)NM NMDisk wear volume (103mm3) . 480(480). .Number of values . 60(60). .Friction coefficient 0.60 0.11 0.76 0.14 0.60 0.12 0.41 0.08Number of values 109 75 64 76ATest conditions: F =10N; v =0.1ms1, T = 23C; relative humidity range 12 to 78 %; laboratory air; sliding distance 10
28、00 m; wear track (nominal) diameter = 32 mm;materials: steel = AISI 52 100; and alumina = -Al2O3.G99 05 (2016)2pressure, contact geometry, removal of wear debris, andpresence of corrosive environment), there is no insurance thatthe test will predict the wear rate of a given material underconditions
29、differing from those in the test.5. Apparatus5.1 General DescriptionFig. 1 shows a schematic draw-ing of a typical pin-on-disk wear test system.4One type oftypical system consists of a driven spindle and chuck forholding the revolving disk, a lever-arm device to hold the pin,and attachments to allow
30、 the pin specimen to be forced againstthe revolving disk specimen with a controlled load. Anothertype of system loads a pin revolving about the disk centeragainst a stationary disk. In any case the wear track on the diskis a circle, involving multiple wear passes on the same track.The system may hav
31、e a friction force measuring system, forexample, a load cell, that allows the coefficient of friction to bedetermined.5.2 Motor DriveA variable speed motor, capable of main-taining constant speed (61 % of rated full load motor speed)under load is required. The motor should be mounted in sucha manner
32、 that its vibration does not affect the test. Rotatingspeeds are typically in the range 0.3 to 3 rad/s (60 to 600r/min).5.3 Revolution CounterThe machine shall be equippedwith a revolution counter or its equivalent that will record thenumber of disk revolutions, and preferably have the ability toshu
33、t off the machine after a pre-selected number of revolutions.5.4 Pin Specimen Holder and Lever ArmIn one typicalsystem, the stationary specimen holder is attached to a leverarm that has a pivot.Adding weights, as one option of loading,produces a test force proportional to the mass of the weightsappl
34、ied. Ideally, the pivot of the arm should be located in theplane of the wearing contact to avoid extraneous loading forcesdue to the sliding friction. The pin holder and arm must be ofsubstantial construction to reduce vibrational motion during thetest.5.5 Wear Measuring SystemsInstruments to obtain
35、 linearmeasures of wear should have a sensitivity of 2.5 m or better.Any balance used to measure the mass loss of the test specimenshall have a sensitivity of 0.1 mg or better; in low wearsituations greater sensitivity may be needed.6. Test Specimens and Sample Preparation6.1 MaterialsThis test meth
36、od may be applied to a varietyof materials.The only requirement is that specimens having thespecified dimensions can be prepared and that they willwithstand the stresses imposed during the test without failureor excessive flexure. The materials being tested shall bedescribed by dimensions, surface f
37、inish, material type, form,composition, microstructure, processing treatments, and inden-tation hardness (if appropriate).6.2 Test SpecimensThe typical pin specimen is cylindricalor spherical in shape. Typical cylindrical or spherical pinspecimen diameters range from 2 to 10 mm. The typical diskspec
38、imen diameters range from 30 to 100 mm and have athickness in the range of 2 to 10 mm. Specimen dimensionsused in an interlaboratory test with pin-on-disk systems aregiven in Table 1.6.3 Surface FinishA ground surface roughness of 0.8 m(32 in.) arithmetic average or less is usually recommended.NOTE
39、3Rough surfaces make wear scar measurement difficult.6.3.1 Care must be taken in surface preparation to avoidsubsurface damage that alters the material significantly. Specialsurface preparation may be appropriate for some test programs.State the type of surface and surface preparation in the report.
40、7. Test Parameters7.1 LoadValues of the force in Newtons at the wearingcontact.7.2 SpeedThe relative sliding speed between the contact-ing surfaces in metres per second.7.3 DistanceThe accumulated sliding distance in meters.7.4 TemperatureThe temperature of one or both speci-mens at locations close
41、to the wearing contact.7.5 AtmosphereThe atmosphere (laboratory air, relativehumidity, argon, lubricant, and so forth.) surrounding thewearing contact.8. Procedure8.1 Immediately prior to testing, and prior to measuring orweighing, clean and dry the specimens. Take care to remove alldirt and foreign
42、 matter from the specimens. Use non-chlorinated, non-film-forming cleaning agents and solvents.Dry materials with open grains to remove all traces of thecleaning fluids that may be entrapped in the material. Steel(ferromagnetic) specimens having residual magnetism shouldbe demagnetized. Report the m
43、ethods used for cleaning.4A number of other reported designs for pin-on-disk systems are given in “ACatalog of Friction and Wear Devices,” American Society of Lubrication Engineers(1973). Three commercially-built pin-on-disk machines were either involved in theinterlaboratory testing for this standa
44、rd or submitted test data that comparedadequately to the interlaboratory test data. Further information on these machinescan be found in Research Report RR:G02-1008.NOTE 1F is the normal force on the pin, d is the pin or ball diameter,D is the disk diameter, R is the wear track radius, and w is the
45、rotationvelocity of the disk.FIG. 1 Schematic of Pin-on-Disk Wear Test SystemG99 05 (2016)38.2 Measure appropriate specimen dimensions to the nearest2.5 m or weigh the specimens to the nearest 0.0001 g.8.3 Insert the disk securely in the holding device so that thedisk is fixed perpendicular (61) to
46、the axis of the resolution.8.4 Insert the pin specimen securely in its holder and, ifnecessary, adjust so that the specimen is perpendicular (61) tothe disk surface when in contact, in order to maintain thenecessary contact conditions.8.5 Add the proper mass to the system lever or bale todevelop the
47、 selected force pressing the pin against the disk.8.6 Start the motor and adjust the speed to the desired valuewhile holding the pin specimen out of contact with the disk.Stop the motor.8.7 Set the revolution counter (or equivalent) to the desirednumber of revolutions.8.8 Begin the test with the spe
48、cimens in contact under load.The test is stopped when the desired number of revolutions isachieved. Tests should not be interrupted or restarted.8.9 Remove the specimens and clean off any loose weardebris. Note the existence of features on or near the wear scarsuch as: protrusions, displaced metal,
49、discoloration,microcracking, or spotting.8.10 Remeasure the specimen dimensions to the nearest 2.5m or reweigh the specimens to the nearest 0.0001 g, asappropriate.8.11 Repeat the test with additional specimens to obtainsufficient data for statistically significant results.9. Calculation and Reporting9.1 The wear measurements should be reported as thevolume loss in cubic millimetres for the pin and disk, sepa-rately.9.1.1 Use the following equations for calculating volumelosses when the pin has initially
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