1、ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)Standard Terminology forAdditive Manufacturing General Principles Terminology1,2This standard is issued under the fixed designation ISO/ASTM 52900; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision.1. Scope1.1 This International Standard establishes and definesterms used in additive manufacturing (AM) technology, whichapplies the additive shaping principle and thereby buildsphysical 3D geometries by successive addition of material.1.2 The terms have been classified into specific f
3、ields ofapplication.1.3 New terms emerging from the future work withinISO/TC 261 and ASTM F42 will be included in upcomingamendments and overviews of this International Standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ISO Standards:3ISO 841 Industrial automation systems and integrationNumerical control of machin
4、esCoordinate system andmotion nomenclatureISO 10303 Industrial automation systems and integrationProduct data representation and exchangeISO 17296-2 Additive manufacturingGeneralpriniciplesPart 2: Overview of process categories andfeedstock2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:3,4ISO/ASTM 52915 Standard specificat
5、ion for additive manu-facturing file format (AMF)ISO/ASTM 52921 Terminology for AdditiveManufacturingCoordinate Systems and Test Method-ologies3. Terminology3.1 General Terms3D printer, nmachine used for 3D printing.additive manufacturing (AM), nprocess of joining materi-als to make parts from 3D mo
6、del data, usually layer uponlayer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing and formativemanufacturing methodologies.DISCUSSIONHistorical terms: additive fabrication, additiveprocesses, additive techniques, additive layer manufacturing, layermanufacturing, solid freeform fabrication and freeform fabr
7、ication.DISCUSSIONThe meaning of “additive”, “subtractive” and “forma-tive” manufacturing methodologies are further discussed in Annex A1.additive system, nadditive manufacturing system, addi-tive manufacturing equipment, machine and auxiliary equip-ment used for additive manufacturing.AM machine, n
8、section of the additive manufacturingsystem including hardward, machine control software, re-quired set-up software and peripheral accessories necessaryto complete a build cycle for producing parts.AM machine user, noperator of or entity using an AMmachine.AM system user, nadditive system user, oper
9、ator of or entityusing an entire additive manufacturing system or anycomponent of an additive system.front, nof a machine, unless otherwise designated by themachine builder, side of the machine that the operator facesto access the user interface or primary viewing window, orboth.material supplier, n
10、provider of material/feedstock to beprocessed in additive manufacturing system.multi-step process, ntype of additive manufacturing pro-cess in which parts are fabricated in two or more operationswhere the first typically provides the basic geometric shapeand the following consolidates the part to th
11、e fundamentalproperties of the intended material (metallic, ceramic, poly-mer or composite).DISCUSSIONRemoval of the support structure and cleaning may benecessary; however, in this context not considered as a separate processstep.1This international standard is under the jurisdiction of Committee F
12、42 onAdditive Manufacturing Technologies and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee F42.91 on Terminology, and is also under the jurisdiction of ISO/TC 261.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2015. Published January 2016. Originallyapproved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as F279
13、212A.2Through a mutual agreement with ASTM International (ASTM), the Society ofManufacturing Engineers (SME) contributed the technical expertise of its RTAMCommunity members to ASTM to be used as the technical foundation for thisASTM standard. SME and its membership continue to play an active role i
14、nproviding technical guidance to the ASTM standards development process.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service
15、 at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website. ISO/ASTM International 2016 All rights reserved1DISCUSSIONThe principle of single-step and multi-step processesare further discussed in Annex A1.single-step proc
16、ess, ntype of additive manufacturing pro-cess in which parts are fabricated in a single operationwhere the basic geometric shape and basic material proper-ties of the intended product are achieved simultaneously.DISCUSSIONRemoval of the support structure and cleaning may benecessary; however, in thi
17、s context not considered as a separate processstep.DISCUSSIONThe principle of single-step and multi-step processesare further discussed in Annex A1.3.2 Process Categoriesbinder jetting, nadditive manufacturing process in whicha liquid bonding agent is selectively deposited to joinpowder materials.di
18、rected energy deposition, nadditive manufacturing pro-cess in which focused thermal energy is used to fusematerials by melting as they are being deposited.DISCUSSION“Focused thermal energy“ means that an energy source(e.g., laser, electron beam, or plasma arc) is focused to melt thematerials being d
19、eposited.material extrusion, nadditive manufacturing process inwhich material is selectively dispensed through a nozzle ororifice.material jetting, nadditive manufacturing process inwhich droplets of build material are selectively deposited.DISCUSSIONExample materials include photopolymer and wax.po
20、wder bed fusion, nadditive manufacturing process inwhich thermal energy selectively fuses regions of a powderbed.sheet lamination, nadditive manufacturing process inwhich sheets of material are bonded to form a part.vat photopolymerization, nadditive manufacturing pro-cess in which liquid photopolym
21、er in a vat is selectivelycured by light-activated polymerization.3.3 Processing: General3D printing, nfabrication of objects through the depositionof a material using a print head, nozzle, or another printertechnology.DISCUSSIONTerm often used in a non-technical context synony-mously with additive
22、manufacturing; until present times this term hasin particular been associated with machines that are low end in priceand/or overall capability.build chamber, nenclosed location within the additivemanufacturing system where the parts are fabricated.build cycle, nsingle process cycle in which one or m
23、orecomponents are built up in layers in the process chamber ofthe additive manufacturing system.build envelope, nlargest external dimensions of the x-, y-,and z-axes within the build space where parts can befabricated.DISCUSSIONThe dimensions of the build space will be larger thanthe build envelope.
24、build platform, nof a machine, base which provides asurface upon which the building of the part/s is started andsupported throughout the build process.DISCUSSIONIn some systems the parts are built attached to the buildplatform, either directly or through a support structure. In othersystems, such as
25、 powder bed systems, no direct mechanical fixturebetween the build and the platform may be required.build space, nlocation where it is possible for parts to befabricated, typically within the build chamber or on a buildplatform.build surface, narea where material is added, normally onthe last deposi
26、ted layer which becomes the foundation uponwhich the next layer is formed.DISCUSSIONFor the first layer, the build surface is often the buildplatform.DISCUSSIONIn the case of directed energy deposition processes,the build surface can be an existing part onto which material is added.DISCUSSIONIf the
27、orientation of the material deposition or consoli-dation means, or both, is variable, it may be defined relative to the buildsurface.build volume, ntotal usable volume available in the machinefor building parts.feed region, nin powder bed fusion, location/s in themachine where feedstock is stored an
28、d from which a portionof the feedstock is repeatedly conveyed to the powder bedduring the build cycle.layer, nmatter material laid out, or spread, to create asurface.machine coordinate system, nthree-dimensional coordinatesystem as defined by a fixed point on the build platformwith the three princip
29、al axes labelled x-, y-, and z-, withrotary axis about each of these axis labelled A, B, and C,respectively, where the angles between x-, y- and z- can beCartesian or defined by the machine manufacturer.DISCUSSIONMachine coordinate system is fixed relative to themachine, as opposed to coordinate sys
30、tems associated with the buildsurface which can be translated or rotated. Machine coordinate systemis illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921.manufacturing lot, nset of manufactured parts havingcommonality between feedstock, production run, additivemanufacturing system, and post-processing steps (if re-quired
31、) as recorded on a single manufacturing work order.DISCUSSIONAdditive manufacturing system could include one orseveral AM machines and/or post-processing machine units, as agreedby AM provider and customer.origin, nzero point, (0, 0, 0), when using x-, y-, andz-coordinates, designated universal refe
32、rence point at whichthe three primary axes in a coordinate system intersect.DISCUSSIONCoordinate system can be Cartesian or as defined by themachine manufacturer. The concept of origin is illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921.build origin, norigin most commonly located at the centreof the build platform and
33、 fixed on the build facing surface, butcould be defined otherwise by the build set-up.ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)2 ISO/ASTM International 2016 All rights reservedmachine origin, nmachine home, machine zero point,origin as defined by the machine manufacturer.overflow region, nin powder bed fusion systems,
34、 location/sin the machine where excess powder is stored during a buildcycle.DISCUSSIONFor certain machine types the overflow region mayconsist of one or more dedicated chambers or a powder recyclingsystem.part location, nlocation of the part within the buildvolume.DISCUSSIONThe part location is norm
35、ally specified by the x-, y- andz-coordinates for the position of the geometric centre of the partsbounding box with respect to the build volume, origin. Part locationis illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921process parameters, nset of operating parameters andsystem settings used during a single build cycle.
36、production run, nall parts produced in one build cycle orsequential series of build cycles using the same feedstockbatch and process conditions.system set-up, nconfiguration of the additive manufactur-ing system for a build.x-axis, nof a machine, unless otherwise designated by themachine builder, ax
37、is in the machine coordinate systemthat runs parallel to the front of the machine and perpen-dicular to the y-axis and z-axis.DISCUSSIONUnless otherwise designated by the machine builder,the positive x-direction runs from left to right as viewed from the frontof the machine while facing toward the b
38、uild volume origin.DISCUSSIONIt is common that the x-axis is horizontal and parallelwith one of the edges of the build platform.y-axis, nof a machine, unless otherwise designated by themachine builder, axis in the machine coordinate systemthat runs perpendicular to the z-axis and x-axis.DISCUSSIONUn
39、less otherwise designated by the machine builder,the positive direction is defined in ISO 841 to make a right hand set ofcoordinates. In the most common case of an upwards z-positivedirection, the positive y-direction will then run from the front to theback of the machine as viewed from the front of
40、 the machine.DISCUSSIONIn the case of building in the downwards z-positivedirection, the positive y-direction will then run from the back of themachine to the front as viewed from the front of the machine.DISCUSSIONIt is common that the y-axis is horizontal and parallelwith one of the edges of the b
41、uild platform.z-axis, nof a machine; unless otherwise designated by themachine builder, axis in the machine coordinate systemthat run perpendicular to the x-axis and y-axis.DISCUSSIONUnless otherwise designated by the machine builder,the positive direction is defined in ISO 841 to make a right hand
42、set ofcoordinates. For processes employing planar, layerwise addition ofmaterial, the positive z-direction will then run normal to the layers.DISCUSSIONFor processes employing planar layerwise addition ofmaterial, the positive z-direction, is the direction from the first layer tothe subsequent layer
43、s.DISCUSSIONWhere addition of material is possible from multipledirections (such as with certain directed energy deposition systems),the z-axis may be identified according to the principles in ISO 841,(4.3.3) which addresses “swivelling or gimballing.”3.4 Processing: Data3D scanning, n3D digitizing,
44、 method of acquiring the shapeand size of an object as a 3-dimensional representation byrecording x,y,z coordinates on the objects surface andthrough software the collection of points is converted intodigital data.DISCUSSIONTypical methods use some amount of automation,coupled with a touch probe, op
45、tical sensor, or other device.Additive Manufacturing File Format (AMF), nfile formatfor communicating additive manufacturing model dataincluding a description of the 3D surface geometry withnative support for colour, materials, lattices, textures, con-stellations and metadata.DISCUSSIONAdditive Manu
46、facturing File Format (AMF) can repre-sent one of multiple objects arranged in a constellation. Similar to STLthe surface geometry is represented by a triangular mesh, but in AMFthe triangles may also be curved. AMF can also specify the materialand colour of each volume and the colour of each triang
47、le in the mesh.ISO/ASTM 52915 gives the standard specification of AMF.bounding box, nof a part, orthogonally oriented minimumperimeter cuboid that can span the maximum extents of thepoints on the surface of a 3D part.DISCUSSIONWhere the manufactured part includes the test geometryplus additional ext
48、ernal features (for example, labels, tabs or raisedlettering), the bounding box may be specified according to the test partgeometry excluding the additional external features if noted. Differentvarieties of bounding boxes are illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921.arbitrarily oriented bounding box, nof a par
49、t, boundingbox calculated without any constraints on the resulting orien-tation of the box.machine bounding box, nof a part, bounding box forwhich the surfaces are parallel to the machine coordinatesystem.master bounding box, nbounding box which encloses allof the parts in a single build.extensible markup language, XML, nstandard from theWorldWideWeb Consortium (W3C) that provides for tag-ging of information content within documents offering ameans for representation of content in a format that is
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