AWS A4 4M-2001 Standard Procedures for Determination of Moisture Content of Welding Fluxes and Welding Electrode Flux Coverings《焊接助熔剂和电焊条助熔剂涂层含水量的测定的标准规程》.pdf

1、Standard Proceduresfor Determination ofMoisture Content ofWelding Fluxes andWelding ElectrodeFlux CoveringsAWS A4.4M:2001 (R2006)An American National Standard550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126AWS A4.4M:2001 (R2006)An American National StandardApproved by theAmerican National Standards InstituteF

2、ebruary 28, 2001Standard Procedures forDetermination of Moisture Contentof Welding Fluxes and WeldingElectrode Flux CoveringsPrepared by theAmerican Welding Society (AWS) A5 Committee on Filler Metals and Allied MaterialsUnder the Direction of theAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved by theAWS

3、Board of DirectorsAbstractThis document establishes standard procedures for determination of moisture content of welding fluxes and weldingelectrode coverings. The test involves combustion of a sample in an oxygen carrier gas at elevated temperature. Any waterevolved from the sample or formed by the

4、 combustion process is measured by means of either Karl Fischer titration orinfrared detection. The key differences between these methods and traditional thermo gravimetric techniques are theinclusion of instrument calibration procedures, system verification checks and use of more accurate analytica

5、l techniquesfor water detection.Key WordsMoisture, electrode covering, flux, infrared, Karl Fisher titration, combustioniiAWS A4.4M:2001 (R2006)International Standard Book Number: 0-87171-650-XAmerican Welding Society550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 2001 by American Welding SocietyAll rights r

6、eservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaReaffirmed: September 29, 2006Photocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of t

7、he copyrightowner.Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, oreducational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriatefee is paid to the Copyright Clearance

8、Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet:.iiiAWS A4.4M:2001 (R2006)Statement on the Use of American Welding Society StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society (AWS) are

9、 voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, ormade part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regul

10、ations of other govern-mental bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWSstandards must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part ofthose laws and regulations. In all cases, the

11、se standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other documentthat invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirementsof an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.AWS American National Standards a

12、re developed through a consensus standards development process that bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers the processand establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test,

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18、 text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly, constituting errata. Such errata, when discovered, are postedon the AWS web page (www.aws.org).Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request,in writing, to the Managing Direc

19、tor, Technical Services Division, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road,Miami, FL 33126 (see Annex C). With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinionson AWS standards may be rendered. However, such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particu

20、larindividuals giving them. These individuals do not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute officialor unofficial opinions or interpretations of AWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as asubstitute for an official interpretation.This standard is s

21、ubject to revision at any time by the AWS A5 Committee on Filler Metals and Allied Materials. It mustbe reviewed every five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommenda-tions, additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improvin

22、g this standard are requiredand should be addressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS A5Committee on Filler Metals and Allied Materials and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committeesresponse to the comments. Guests are invited to atte

23、nd all meetings of the AWS A5 Committee on Filler Metals andAllied Materials to express their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all suchcomments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can beobtained

24、 from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.This page is intentionally blank.ivAWS A4.4M:2001 (R2006)vAWS A4.4M:2001 (R2006)Personnel (Reaffirmation)AWS A5 Committee on Filler Metals and Allied MaterialsD. A. Fink, Chair The Lincoln Electric CompanyJ. S. Lee, 1st Vice

25、Chair CB&IH. D. Wehr, 2nd Vice Chair Arcos Industries, LLCR. Gupta, Secretary American Welding Society*R. L. Bateman Electromanufacturas, S.A.J. M. Blackburn Department of the NavyR. Brown RSB Alloy Applications, LLCJ. C. Bundy Hobart Brothers CompanyR. J. Christoffel ConsultantD. D. Crockett The Li

26、ncoln Electric Company*R. A. Daemen La Grande TuiliereJ. J. DeLoach, Jr. Naval Surface Warfare CenterD. A. DelSignore ConsultantJ. DeVito ESAB Welding and Cutting ProductsH. W. Ebert ConsultantD. M. Fedor The Lincoln Electric CompanyJ. G. Feldstein Foster Wheeler North AmericaS. E. Ferree ESAB Weldi

27、ng and Cutting ProductsG. L. Franke Naval Surface Warfare CenterR. D. Fuchs Bohler Thyssen Welding USA, IncorporatedC. E. Fuerstenau Lucas-Milhaupt, IncorporatedJ. A. Henning DeltakR. M. Henson J. W. Harris Company, Incorporated*J. P. Hunt Consultant*S. Imaoka Kobe Steel LimitedM. Q. Johnson Metallu

28、rgy GroupS. D. Kiser Special MetalsP. J. Konkol Concurrent Technologies CorporationD. J. Kotecki The Lincoln Electric CompanyL. Kvidahl Northrop Grumman Ship SystemsA. S. Laurenson ConsultantW. A. Marttila DaimlerChrysler CorporationR. Menon Stoody Company M. T. Merlo Edison Welding InstituteD. R. M

29、iller ABS Americas Materials DepartmentB. Mosier Polymet CorporationC. L. Null ConsultantM. P. Parekh ConsultantR. L. Peaslee Wall Colmonoy Corporation*M. A. Quintana The Lincoln Electric CompanyS. D. Reynolds, Jr. ConsultantP. K. Salvesen Det Norske Veritas (DNV)K. Sampath ConsultantW. S. Severance

30、 ESAB Welding and Cutting Products*E. R. Stevens Stevens Welding Consulting*AdvisorviAWS A4.4M:2001 (R2006)*AdvisorM. J. Sullivan NASSCONational Steel and Shipbuilding*E. S. Surian National University of Lomas de ZamoraR. Sutherlin ATI Wah ChangR. A. Swain Euroweld, LimitedR. D. Thomas, Jr. R. D. Th

31、omas and CompanyK. P. Thornberry Care Medical, IncorporatedL. T. Vernam AlcoTec Wire Corporation F. J. Winsor ConsultantAWS A5W Subcommittee on Moisture and HydrogenD. M. Fedor, Chair The Lincoln Electric CompanyJ. M. Blackburn, Vice Chair Department of NavyR. Gupta, Secretary American Welding Socie

32、tyD. A. Fink The Lincoln Electric CompanyG. L. Franke Naval Surface Warfare CenterJ. Keegan ITW Hobart Brothers J. S. Lee CB&I*M. P. Parekh Consultant M. S. Sierdzinski ESAB Welding and Cutting Products*K. Smith ESAB Welding and Cutting Products M. A. Quintana The Lincoln Electric Company*R. D. Thom

33、as , Jr. R. D. Thomas and CompanyAWS A5 Committee on Filler Metals and Allied Materials (Continued)viiAWS A4.4M:2001 (R2006)Personnel (Original)AWS A5 Committee on Filler Metals and Allied MaterialsR. A. LaFave, Chair Elliott Turbomachinery Company, IncorporatedD. A. Fink, 1st Vice Chair The Lincoln

34、 Electric CompanyJ. S. Lee, 2nd Vice Chair Chicago Bridge and Iron CompanyR. K. Gupta, Secretary American Welding Society*R. L. Bateman Electromanufacturas, S.A.B. S. Blum ConsultantR. S. Brown Carpenter Technology CorporationJ. Caprarola, Jr. ConsultantA. Chatterjee Caterpillar, Incorporated*L. J.

35、Christensen ConsultantR. J. Christoffel ConsultantC. W. Cox Cooperweld, Miami DivisionD. D. Crockett The Lincoln Electric Company*R. A. Daemen ConsultantD. A. DelSignore ConsultantH. W. Ebert ConsultantJ. G. Feldstein Foster Wheeler Energy CorporationS. E. Ferree ESAB Welding and Cutting ProductsL.

36、Flasche ConsultantR. D. Fuchs Bhler Thyssen Welding USA, IncorporatedC. E. Fuerstenau Lucas-Milhaupt, Incorporated*G. A. Hallstrom, Jr. Hallstrom ConsultantsJ. A. Henning Deltak, Incorporated*J. P. Hunt ConsultantM. Q. Johnson Edison Welding InstituteR. B. Kadiyala Techalloy CompanyP. J. Konkol Conc

37、urrent Technologies CorporationD. J. Kotecki The Lincoln Electric CompanyD. Y. Ku American Bureau of ShippingN. E. Larson ConsultantA. S. Laurenson ConsultantG. H. MacShane MAC AssociatesW. A. Marttila DaimlerChrysler CorporationR. Menon Stoody CompanyM. T. Merlo Select Arc, IncorporatedA. R. Mertes

38、 Ampco Metal, IncorporatedM. D. Morin Alstom PowerC. L. Null NAVSEAM.P. Parekh ITW Hobart BrothersJ. J. Payne ConsultantR. L. Peaslee Wall Colmonoy CorporationE. W. Pickering, Jr. ConsultantM. A. Quintana The Lincoln Electric Company*Advisor*DeceasedviiiAWS A4.4M:2001 (R2006)*Advisor*Deceased*H. F.

39、Reid Consultant*S. D. Reynolds, Jr. ConsultantL. F. Roberts CWB GroupP. K. Salvesen Det Norske Veritas (DNV)J. M. Sawhill, Jr. Newport News ShipbuildingA. P. Seidler Armco SteelW. S. Severance ESAB Welding and Cutting Products*W. A. Shopp Consultant*R. G. Sim Lincoln Electric Company (Australia)E. R

40、. Stevens Consultant*E. S. Surian Universidad TecnologicaR. A. Swain Euroweld, LimitedR. D. Thomas, Jr. R. D. Thomas and CompanyK. P. Thornberry J. W. Harris Company, Incorporated*R. Timerman Conarco, S.A.*S. Tsutsumi Kobe Steel LimitedWelding DivisionL. T. Vernam AlcoTec Wire CompanyG. J. Vytanovyc

41、h ConsultantT. R. Warren Ingalls Shipbuilding, IncorporatedH. D. Wehr Arcos Alloys*F. J. Winsor ConsultantK. G. Wold ConsultantJ. B. C. Wu Deloro Stellite Company, IncorporatedAWS A5W Subcommittee on Moisture and HydrogenJ. M. Blackburn, Chair Naval Surface Warfare CenterD. A. Fink The Lincoln Elect

42、ric CompanyR. K. Gupta, Secretary American Welding SocietyD. Fedor The Lincoln Electric CompanyG. L. Franke Naval Surface Warfare CenterD. D. Harwig, Jr. Edison Welding InstituteR. B. Kadiyala Techalloy CompanyR. A. LaFave Elliott Turbomachinery Company, IncorporatedD. Lawrenz Leco CorporationJ. S.

43、Lee Chicago Bridge and Iron CompanyM. P. Parekh Hobart Brothers CompanyE. W. Pickering, Jr. ConsultantM. A. Quintana The Lincoln Electric CompanyM. S. Sierdzinski ESAB Welding & Cutting Products*K. S. Smith ESAB Welding & Cutting Products*R. D. Thomas, Jr. R. D. Thomas and CompanyD. T. Wallace Newpo

44、rt News ShipbuildingAWS A5 Committee on Filler Metals and Allied Materials (Continued)ixAWS A4.4M:2001 (R2006)ForewordThis foreword is not a part of AWS A4.4M:2001 (R2006), Standard Procedures for Determination of Moisture Contentof Welding Fluxes and Welding Electrode Flux Coverings, but is include

45、d for informational purposes only.Historically, electrode covering and flux moisture levels have been determined by thermogravimetric means, afterGayley and Wooding, August 1950, Welding Journal, 29(8): 629635. Samples were combusted in an oxygen carrier toensure that any hydrogen present formed wat

46、er in the carrier gas. That water was collected downstream in an absorptionU-tube and the water content determined by weight difference of the U-tube, taking into account the requisite blankvalue. At the time this test method was developed, typical moisture levels were on the order of 0.5 to 1.0 per

47、cent byweight. As welding consumable improvements reduced moisture levels to less than 0.10 percent by weight in manycases, corresponding improvements in the test method were not made to ensure reliability and accuracy at such low levels.Two AWS task groups under the A5A Subcommittee on Carbon and L

48、ow-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Rods forShielded Metal Arc and Oxyfuel Gas Welding investigated the suitability of the standard thermogravimetric method andpossible improvements. Although the procedure and equipment refinements were successful in reducing the variabilityin test results, the variabilit

49、y could not be reduced sufficiently to permit reliable use of the thermogravimetric method forcontemporary welding consumables.Accordingly, the methods set forth in this standard offer significant improvement in the reliability of moisture testmeasurements for contemporary welding consumables. The sample is still combusted in an oxygen carrier gas to ensureoxidation of any hydrogen present to water. Thus, the tests still provide a measure of the hydrogen potential of the weld-ing consumables measured as water. However, they differ from the thermogravimetric method in that the detect