AWS B4 0-2016 Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds (8th Edition).pdf

1、Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of WeldsAWS B4.0:2016An American National StandardAWS B4.0:2016An American National StandardApproved byAmerican National Standards InstituteStandard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds8th EditionSupersedes AWS B4.0:2007Prepared by theAWS Committee on B4 Co

2、mmittee on Mechanical Testing of WeldsUnder the Direction of theAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractMechanical test methods that are applicable to welds and welded joints are described. For each testing method, informa-tion is provided concerning applicable

3、 American National Standards Institute (ANSI), American Society for Testing andMaterials (ASTM), and American Petroleum Institute (API) documents; the required testing apparatus, specimen prepa-ration, procedure to be followed, and report requirements are also described.ISBN: 978-0-87171-889-1 2016

4、by American Welding SocietyAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permis

5、sion of the copyrightowner. Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, per-sonal, or educational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that theappropriate fee is paid to the Copyrigh

6、t Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet: .AWS B4.0:2016iiStatement on the Use of American Welding Society StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society (AWS)

7、are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, ormade part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the re

8、gulations of other governmen-tal bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standardsmust be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those laws andregulations. In all cases,

9、these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokes theAWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWS stan-dard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.AWS American National Standa

10、rds are developed through a consensus standards development process that bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers theprocess and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently

11、test, evalu-ate, or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether spe-cial, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or

12、 indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance onthis standard. AWS also makes no guarantee or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information publishedherein.In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is neither undertaking to render professional or other ser

13、vices for oron behalf of any person or entity, nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someoneelse. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek theadvice of a competent professional in determining the exe

14、rcise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. It isassumed that the use of this standard and its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and competent personnel.This standard may be superseded by new editions. This standard may also be corrected through publication of amend-ments o

15、r errata, or supplemented by publication of addenda. Information on the latest editions of AWS standards includ-ing amendments, errata, and addenda is posted on the AWS web page (www.aws.org). Users should ensure that they havethe latest edition, amendments, errata, and addenda.Publication of this s

16、tandard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard accept anyand all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement of anypatent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.AWS do

17、es not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so. Officialinterpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request, in writ-ing, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be

18、 addressed to the American Welding Society,Attention: Managing Director, Technical Services Division, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166 (see Annex B).With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered.These opinions are offered solely

19、 as a convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professionaladvice. Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individualsdo not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opini

20、ons or interpretations ofAWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS B4 Committee on Mechanical Testing of Welds. It must bereviewed every five years, and if not revised

21、, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations,additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are requested and should beaddressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the B4 Committee on Mecha

22、nicalTesting of Welds and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to the comments. Guestsare invited to attend all meetings of the AWS B4 Committee on Mechanical Testing of Welds to express their commentsverbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning

23、 all such comments are provided in the Rules ofOperation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American WeldingSociety, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166.AWS B4.0:2016iiiAWS B4.0:2016ivThis page is intentionally blank.PersonnelAWS Committee on Mech

24、anical Testing of WeldsL. Van Leaven, Chair ConsultantP. S. Lester, Vice Chair AZZ WSIS. P. Hedrick, Secretary American Welding SocietyJ. R. Crisci ConsultantD. A. Fink The Lincoln Electric CompanyJ. A. Grantham Welding AWS A2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing and Nondestructive Examination;

25、andAWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing, Soldering,Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying.AWS B4.0:201613. Terms and DefinitionsThe welding terms used in this standard are in accordance with AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions,In

26、cluding Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing, Soldering, Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying.4. Tension Tests4.1 Scope. This clause covers the tension testing of welded joints. These requirements supplement the referenced ASTMstandards for tensile testing of metallic materials to ensure proper eval

27、uation of welds and weld metal.4.1.1 Purpose and Intended UseThis standard is applicable to the following, when specified:(1) Characterize the performance of weld metal and/or welded joints under tensile load with respect to:tensile strengthyield strength, as applicableductility, as applicableassess

28、ing joint efficiencyfacilitating engineering design and/or analysisfacilitating product development(2) Qualification of materials and welding procedures where specified mechanical properties are required,(3) Information as a basis for acceptance and manufacturing quality control where mechanical pro

29、perties arerequested.4.1.2 This standard does not specify required properties or acceptance criteria. When this standard is used as a portionof a specification for a welded structure or assembly or for qualification, the following information shall be furnished, asa minimum:(1) The specific type(s)

30、and number of specimens required,(2) Base metal specification/identification,(3) Filler material specification/identification,(4) The anticipated mechanical property values and whether they are maximum and/or minimum requirements,(5) Location and orientation of the specimens,(6) Report form when req

31、uired,(7) Applicable postweld thermal or mechanical processing treatments of the weld prior to tensile testing, and(8) Applicable postweld processing of the tension test specimen, such as aging, prior to test.4.2 Normative References. The following standards contain provisions which, through referen

32、ce in this text, constitutemandatory provisions of this test. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced standard shall apply. Fordated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. In cases where theprocedures herein conflict with t

33、he referenced ASTM or ASME standards, these B4.0 provisions take precedent.ASME Documents:ASME B46.1, Surface Texture, Surface Roughness, Waviness and LayASTM Documents:ASTM E4, Standard Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesASTM E8, Standard Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Mat

34、erialsASTM E83-10a, Standard Practice for Verification and Classification of Extensometer SystemsASTM B557, Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing Wrought and Cast Aluminum and Magnesium Alloy ProductsAWS B4.0:201624.3 Nomenclature. For the purposes of this test, the following nomenclature apply:

35、A = length of reduced sectionB = length of end sectionC = dimension of grip sectionD = diameterDo= original diameterDf= final diameterE = length of shoulder and filletF = diameter of shoulderG = gage lengthID = inner diameterOD = outer diameterL = overall lengthP = loadR = radius of filletT = specim

36、en thicknesst = thickness of test weldmentW = specimen widthpi = ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter having a value to five decimal places of 3.141594.4 Summary of Method. Tension testing of welded joints is done by means of a calibrated testing machine and devicesfollowing the pr

37、ocedures described in 4.8.4.5 Significance. Tension tests provide information on the load bearing capacities and joint efficiencies of welded joints,as well as weld metal strength and ductility.4.5.1 The data obtained from tension tests may include:(1) Ultimate tensile strength,(2) Yield strength,(3

38、) Yield point if it occurs,(4) Percent elongation,(5) Percent reduction of area,(6) Uniform strain,(7) Strain hardening,(8) Elastic modulus,(9) Stress-strain diagram, and(10) Location and mode of fracture.4.5.2 Tension tests provide quantitative data that is often compared and analyzed for use in th

39、e design and analysis ofwelded structures. Fracture surfaces may also provide information on the presence and effects of discontinuities such asincomplete fusion, incomplete joint penetration, porosity, inclusions, and cracking.4.6 Apparatus. The test shall be performed on a tensile testing machine

40、in conformance with the requirements of ASTME8, Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials. The machine shall be calibrated in accordance withASTM E4, Standard Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines.4.7 Specimens4.7.1 Test specimen type shall be specified by an app

41、licable code, specification, or fabrication document. It isrecommended that test specimens that provide the largest cross-sectional area be tested within the capabilities ofavailable test equipment.4.7.2 Unless otherwise stated, specimens shall be tensile tested in the as-received condition.AWS B4.0

42、:201634.7.3 Round Tension Test Specimens. The specimen having the largest diameter of those shown in Figure 4.1, thatcan be machined from the material shall be tested.4.7.3.1 Round All-Weld-Metal Specimen. The all-weld metal tension specimen is used most often for evaluationof the deposited weld met

43、al ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and reduction in area. It may also be usedfor assessment of elastic modulus, uniform strain, and strain hardening behavior of undiluted weld metal. When base metal dilution must be minimized for the specimen to be representative of weld metal

44、, the groove faces may bebuttered with the same filler materials to be used in the weld joint or alternatively the root opening may be increased byl/4 in (6 mm). The reduced section of the tension specimens between the gage marks shall be located so that no butteringis included. It is recommended th

45、at the surface of the reduced section of the specimen be at least l/8 in (3 mm) from thefusion line along the bevel faces (see Figure 4.1).4.7.3.2 Round Transverse Weld Specimen. The transverse weld specimen is used together with the base metalor all weld metal tension tests to evaluate joint effici

46、ency. Only the ultimate tensile strength may be determined forspecimens taken transverse to the longitudinal axis of the weld. A transverse weld tension test is not suitable fordetermination of yield strength, elongation, or reduction in area because the strain through the gage length during yieldin

47、gis not uniform. Accordingly, yield strength for a transverse weld tension test specimen should not be reported. In theevent of use of a set of round transverse tensile specimens at various locations in the thickness of the weld specimen,when no other governing specification indicates otherwise, the

48、 results of the set of round transverse tensile specimensshall be averaged to approximate the tensile properties of the full thickness joint.4.7.4 Rectangular Tension Test Specimen. The tension specimens for welded butt joints other than pipe or tubingshall be either transverse weld tension specimen

49、s or longitudinal weld tension specimens that comply with Figure 4.2 or4.3. When thickness of the test weldment is beyond the capacity of the available test equipment, the weld shall be dividedthrough its thickness into as many specimens as required to cover the full weld thickness and still maintain the specimensize within the test equipment capacity. Unless otherwise specified, the results of the partial thickness specimens shall beaveraged to determine the properties of the full thickness joint. Only ultimate tensile strength may be determined inspecimens taken transverse to the longitudi