1、Specification forthe Qualificationof RadiographicInterpretersAWS B5.15:2010An American National Standard550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126AWS B5.15:2010An American National StandardApproved by theAmerican National Standards InstituteOctober 21, 2009Specification forthe Qualification ofRadiograph
2、ic Interpreters2nd EditionSupersedes AWS B5.15:2003Prepared by theAmerican Welding Society (AWS) B5K Subcommittee on NDE PersonnelUnder the Direction of theAWS Personnel and Facilities Qualification CommitteeApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis specification defines the requirements for
3、 the qualification of radiographic interpreters. The qualification of radio-graphic interpreters requires experience, knowledge, and skills unique to the interpretation of radiographic media andthe determination of acceptance criteria for weldments and adjacent base metal. Training and work experien
4、ce inradiographic theory, procedures, weld and adjacent base metal defect recognition, radiographic processing, handling,storage, and code requirements relating to radiographic acceptance criteria are essential to ensuring the competence ofindividuals engaged in radiographic interpretation.AWS B5.15
5、:2010iiInternational Standard Book Number: 978-0-87171-767-2American Welding Society550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 2009 by American Welding SocietyAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
6、system, or transmitted in anyform, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrightowner.Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, oreducational classroom use
7、 only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriatefee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet:.iiiAWS B5.15:2010Statement on the Use of American Welding Society StandardsAll standa
8、rds (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standar
9、ds are either incorporated in, ormade part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other govern-mental bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWSstandards must be approved by
10、the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part ofthose laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other documentthat invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or devi
11、ations from requirementsof an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While the
12、AWS administers theprocess and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evalu-ate, or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or
13、 to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whetherspecial, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or relianceon this standard. AWS also makes no guarantee or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information
14、published herein.In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is neither undertaking to render professional or other services for oron behalf of any person or entity, nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someoneelse. Anyone using these documents should rel
15、y on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek theadvice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. It isassumed that the use of this standard and its provisions are entrusted to appropriately qualified and competent pers
16、onnel.This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. Users should ensure that they have the latest edition.Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard acceptany and all liabilities for infringement of any patent o
17、r trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement ofany patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.Finally, the AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.On occasion, text, tables, or figures a
18、re printed incorrectly, constituting errata. Such errata, when discovered, are postedon the AWS web page (www.aws.org).Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request, inwriting, to the appropriate technical committee. Such req
19、uests should be addressed to the American Welding Society,Attention: Managing Director, Technical Services Division, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 (see Annex A).With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered.These opinions ar
20、e offered solely as a convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professionaladvice. Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individuals donot speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or
21、unofficial opinions or interpretations ofAWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS Personnel and Facilities Qualification Committee. It must bereviewed every five year
22、s, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations,additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should beaddressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the A
23、WS Personnel and FacilitiesQualification Committee and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to the comments.Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS Personnel and Facilities Qualification Committee to express theircomments verbally. Procedures for appeal
24、 of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in theRules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the AmericanWelding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.This page is intentionally blank.ivAWS B5.15:2010vAWS B5.15
25、:2010PersonnelPersonnel and Facilities Qualification CommitteeP. R. Evans, Chair WestinghouseW. F. Behnke, 1st Vice Chair Fairbanks Morse EngineP. A. Michalski, 2nd Vice Chair Dominion East OhioJ. L. Gayler, Secretary American Welding SocietyK. W. Coryell ConsultantJ. A. Grantham Welding the firsted
26、ition was amended in 2007.The primary revision between the first edition and this edition is the addition of Subclause 10.2 on examination struc-ture. This specification now provides examinations subjects and weights for those examinations subjects. This changewas made in response to organizations a
27、nd companies who implemented the first edition in their personnel certificationand qualification. Revisions to the previous edition are underlined throughout the standard.The purpose of radiographic interpretation is to properly assess indications produced on radiographic media during theprocess of
28、weldment or adjacent base metal evaluation. The Radiographic Interpreter must be thoroughly familiar withthe process of radiography as well as the welding processes. This includes, but may not be limited to: welding processes,materials, limitation of various testing methods, drawings, procedures, sp
29、ecifications, behavior of different types ofradioactivity (particles and photons), film construction, behavior of energy sensitive imaging systems, mathematics,radiographic film selection, handling, and storage. For Radiographic Interpreters to be effective, they must not only betechnically competen
30、t, but also consistent and ethically principled in their dealings with clients and employers.Personnel seeking qualification to this specification should be prepared to receive instruction by their employers withregard to specific duties required for employment. In addition to the competence level a
31、nd areas specified herein, eachemployer must provide job orientation and/or training to ensure the competence of their employees.Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary,AWS Personnel and Facility Qualification Committee, America
32、n Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL33126.This page is intentionally blank.viiiAWS B5.15:2010ixAWS B5.15:2010Table of ContentsPage No.Personnel vForeword.vii1. Scope.11.1 General.11.2 Training11.3 Personal Capabilities .11.4 Rights of Employers 11.5 Terminology.11.6 Safety and Health.
33、12. Referenced Documents13. Terms and Definitions .24. Qualification.25. Functions 25.1 Capabilities 25.2 Duties.36. Education, Training, and Experience Requirements .36.1 Education Requirements36.2 Training Requirements 36.3 Experience Requirements 37. Examination Requirements37.1 General Requireme
34、nts .37.2 Examination Equipment 48. Visual Acuity48.1 Near Vision Acuity 49. Body of Knowledge49.1 Nature and Properties of X and Gamma Radiation .49.2 Photographic Aspects 49.3 Fundamental Aspects of Radiographic Quality.69.4 Radiation Safety Principles69.5 X-Ray and Gamma Ray Equipment 69.6 Geomet
35、ry of Image Formation 69.7 Exposure Calculations .69.8 Application to Welds .79.9 Viewing Radiographs.79.10 Welding Technology710. Examination Structure810.1 Examination Basis Documents810.2 Examination Structure .8Annex A (Informative)Guidelines for the Preparation of Technical Inquiries.11List of
36、AWS Documents on Personnel and Facilities Qualification.13This page is intentionally blank.xAWS B5.15:2010AWS B5.15:201011. Scope1.1 General. This specification establishes the requirements for qualification of radiographic interpreters. It describes howthese personnel shall be qualified, establishe
37、s training requirements, defines experience requirements, and establishesareas and levels of knowledge required to perform the functions related to radiographic interpretation.1.2 Training. The employer shall be responsible for providing job-specific training and/or orientation of the radio-graphic
38、interpreter to ensure his/her understanding of the special requirements of the employer.1.3 Personal Capabilities. It shall be the responsibility of the employer to determine if the radiographic interpreter isphysically and mentally capable of performing the duties involved in the work assignment. V
39、isual acuity requirementsare specified in this specification. Mental capabilities shall include, but not be limited to, an ability to render fair andunbiased judgment and communicate said judgments to others in a manner which is helpful and well understood.1.4 Rights of Employers. This specification
40、 is intended to supplement the requirements of an employer, standard, orother documents and shall not be construed as a preemption of the employers rights and responsibilities for the qualityof work provided under contract to others.1.5 Terminology. As used in this specification, the word shall deno
41、tes a requirement; the word should denotes aguideline; and the word may denotes a choice.1.6 Safety and Health. Some safety and health issues may be beyond the scope of this standard and therefore not befully addressed by this standard. Users of this standard should consult ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Wel
42、ding, Cutting, andAllied Processes, applicable federal, state, and local regulations and other relevant documents concerning safety andhealth issues not addressed herein.2. Referenced DocumentsANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes1 API 1104, Welding of Pipelines and Related Fa
43、cilities2ASME B31.1, Power Piping3ASME B31.3, Process Piping3ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section I: Rules for Construction of Power Boilers3ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section V: Nondestructive Examination3ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1: Rules for
44、Construction of Pressure Vessels31Published by the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.2Published by the American Petroleum Institute, NW 1220 L Street, Washington, DC 20005-4070.3Published by the ASME International, Information Central, P.O. Box 2300, Fairfield, NJ 0700
45、7-2300.Specification for the Qualificationof Radiographic InterpretersAWS B5.15:20102ASNT Publication, A Guide for Developing NDT Certification Examinations4AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions5AWS D1.1, Structural Welding CodeSteel5AWS D15.1, Railroad Welding Specification for Cars and
46、Locomotives53. Terms and DefinitionsSpecialized terms used in this specification are defined as follows. All other terms used in this specification are definedin AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions.acceptance criteria. Specified limits placed on characteristics of an item, process, or s
47、ervice defined in codes, otherstandards, or other documents.candidate. An individual seeking qualification.media. Mechanisms used to display a radiographic image (e.g., film, digital images, or real-time displays).Radiographic Interpreter (RI). A person capable by training and/or experience to perfo
48、rm the duties and responsibilitiesof radiographic interpretation.4. Qualification4.1 A radiographic interpreter meeting the requirements of Clauses 6, 7, and 8 shall be considered qualified as a Radio-graphic Interpreter (RI).4.2 Qualification of Radiographic Interpreters tested to the requirements
49、of this specification shall remain in effectunless the Radiographic Interpreter has not been engaged in interpretation for a period exceeding six months.5. FunctionsThe capabilities and duties of the RI shall be as follows:5.1 Capabilities5.1.1 The RI shall be physically and mentally able to perform radiographic interpretations and maintain recordsconforming to the requirements of the applicable standards and other documents.5.1.2 The RI shall be able to assess the quality of radiographic media to verify its conformance with quality standardspublished in appropriate codes, specifications,
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