AWS C7 1M C7 1-2013 Recommended Practices for Electron Beam Welding and Allied Processes.pdf

1、AWSAn American National StandardC7.1M/C7.1:2013RecommendedPractices forElectron BeamWelding and AlliedProcessesAWS C7.1M/C7.1:2013An American National StandardApproved by theAmerican National Standards InstituteFebruary 5, 2013Recommended Practices forElectron Beam Weldingand Allied Processes4th Edi

2、tionSupersedes AWS C7.1M/C7.1:2004Prepared by theAmerican Welding Society (AWS) C7 Committee on High Energy Beam Welding and CuttingUnder the Direction of theAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis document presents Recommended Practices for Electron Beam

3、Welding and Allied Processes. It is intended tocover common applications of the process. Processes definitions, safe practices, general process requirements, andinspection criteria are provided.iiAWS C7.1M/C7.1:2013International Standard Book Number: 978-0-87171-835-8American Welding Society8669 Dor

4、al Blvd., Suite 130, Doral, FL 33166 2013 by American Welding SocietyAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or o

5、therwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrightowner.Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, oreducational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the

6、 appropriatefee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet:.iiiAWS C7.1M/C7.1:2013Statement on the Use of American Welding Society StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and

7、guides) of the AmericanWelding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, ormade part of, documents that are included in fed

8、eral or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other govern-mental bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWSstandards must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part

9、 ofthose laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other documentthat invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirementsof an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contr

10、acting parties.AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers theprocess and establishes rules to promote fairness in the developme

11、nt of consensus, it does not independently test, evalu-ate, or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whetherspecial, indirect, co

12、nsequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or relianceon this standard. AWS also makes no guarantee or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any informationpublished herein.In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is neither undert

13、aking to render professional or other services for oron behalf of any person or entity, nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someoneelse. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek theadvice of a comp

14、etent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. It isassumed that the use of this standard and its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and competent personnel.This standard may be superseded by new editions. This standard may also be corre

15、cted through publication of amendmentsor errata or supplemented by publication of addenda. Information on the latest editions of AWS standards includingamendments, errata, and addenda is posted on the AWS web page (www.aws.org). Users should ensure that they have thelatest edition, amendments, errat

16、a, and addenda.Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard acceptany and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement ofany patent or product trade name resulting

17、from the use of this standard.AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request,in writing, to the appropriate technical

18、committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society,Attention: Managing Director, Technical Services Division, 8669 Doral Blvd., Suite 130, Doral, FL 33166 (see Annex D).With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be r

19、endered.These opinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professionaladvice. Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individualsdo not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinion

20、s constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations ofAWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS C7 Committee on High Energy Beam Welding and Cutting.It mus

21、t be reviewed every five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommen-dations, additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required andshould be addressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive

22、 careful consideration by the AWS C7 Committeeon High Energy Beam Welding and Cutting and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committees responseto the comments. Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS C7 Committee on High Energy Beam Weldingand Cutting to express their c

23、omments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all suchcomments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can beobtained from the American Welding Society, 8669 Doral Blvd., Suite 130, Doral, FL 33166.This page is i

24、ntentionally blank.ivAWS C7.1M/C7.1:2013vAWS C7.1M/C7.1:2013PersonnelAWS C7 Committee on High Energy Beam Welding and CuttingP. W. Hochanadel, Chair Los Alamos National LaboratoryT. A. Palmer, 1st Vice Chair Applied Research Laboratory, Penn StateK. W. Lachenberg, 2nd Vice Chair Sciaky, Incorporated

25、B. C. McGrath, Secretary American Welding SocietyP. Blomquist Applied Thermal Sciences, IncorporatedP. E. Denney The Lincoln Electric CompanyD. D. Kautz Los Alamos National LaboratoryG. R. LaFlamme PTRPrecision Technologies, IncorporatedE. D. Levert Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire ControlAdvisors

26、to the AWS C7 Committee on High Energy Beam Welding and CuttingR. D. Dixon RetiredP. W. Fuerschbach Sandia National LaboratoryR. W. Messler, Jr. Rensselaer Polytechnic InstituteJ. O. Milewski Los Alamos National LaboratoryT. M. Mustaleski RetiredD. E. Powers RetiredR. C. Salo Sciaky, IncorporatedAWS

27、 C7B Subcommittee on Electron Beam Welding and CuttingT. A. Palmer, Chair Applied Research Laboratory, Penn StateB. C. McGrath, Secretary American Welding SocietyG. R. Gibbs Sandia National LaboratoryP. W. Hochanadel Los Alamos National LaboratoryD. D. Kautz Los Alamos National LaboratoryK. W. Lache

28、nberg Sciaky, IncorporatedG. R. LaFlamme PTRPrecision Technologies, IncorporatedE. D. Levert Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire ControlK. J. Zacharias Hamilton Sundstrand Space SystemsAdvisors to the AWS C7B Subcommittee on Electron Beam Welding and CuttingR. D. Dixon RetiredD. R. Foster Pratt allied

29、 processes, to include electron beam braze welding (EBBW), cut-ting, drilling, surfacing, additive manufacturing, surface texturing, and heat treating, are also discussed. The appropriateterms, definitions, and safety considerations are presented. Information is included on designing for electron be

30、am weld-ing (EBW), welding dissimilar metals and thicknesses, fixturing, specifications, and operator training and qualification.Information regarding the safe practice of electron beam welding and allied processes can be found in Clause 4 of thisstandard.Highly technical and detailed descriptions o

31、f metallurgy and the physics of the EBW process, though important to theengineer and scientist, were considered beyond the scope of this publication.1.2 Units of Measurement. This standard makes use of both the International System of Units (SI) and U.S. CustomaryUnits. The latter are shown within b

32、rackets ( ) or in appropriate columns in tables and figures. The measurements maynot be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently.1.3 Safety. Safety issues and concerns are addressed in this standard, although health issues and concerns are beyond thescope of this standar

33、d. Some safety considerations are addressed in Clause 4.Safety and health information is available from the following sources:American Welding Society:(1) ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes(2) AWS Safety and Health Fact Sheets(3) Other safety and health information on the A

34、WS websiteMaterial or Equipment Manufacturers:(1) Material Safety and Data Sheets supplied by materials manufacturers(2) Operating Manuals supplied by equipment manufacturersApplicable Regulatory AgenciesWork performed in accordance with this standard may involve the use of materials that have been

35、deemed hazardous,and may involve operations or equipment that may cause injury or death. This standard does not purport to address allsafety and health risks that may be encountered. The user of this standard should establish an appropriate safety programto address such risks as well as to meet appl

36、icable regulatory requirements. ANSI Z49.1 should be considered whendeveloping the safety program.AWS C7.1M/C7.1:201322. Normative ReferencesThe standards listed below contain provisions, which, through reference in this text, constitute mandatory provisions ofthis AWS standard. For undated referenc

37、es, the latest edition of the referenced standard shall apply. For dated references,subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply.ANSI documents:1ANSI/ASSE Z87.1, Occupational and Educational Personal Eye and Face Protection Devices;ANSI/HPS N43.3, For General Rad

38、iation SafetyInstallations Using Nonmedical X-Ray and Sealed Gamma-RaySources, Energies up to 10 MeV;ANSI Z535.1, Safety Color Code;ANSI Z535.2, Environmental and Facility Safety Signs;ANSI Z535.5, Accident Prevention Tags.AVS documents:2AVS M-1, Vacuum Hazards Manual.AWS documents:3AWS A3.0, Standa

39、rd Welding Terms and Definitions, Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing, Soldering,Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying;AWS A2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination.3. Terms and DefinitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definiti

40、ons apply:accelerating potential. See beam voltage.alignment. Any mechanical or electromagnetic adjustment of the electron beam equipment that is made for the purposeof correcting the path or position of the beam.alignment coils. Electromagnetic deflection coils immediately below the anode used to d

41、eflect the beam so its axis coin-cides with the magnetic axis of the focus coil.anode. The more electrically positive element of the electron beam gun (usually at the ground potential of the machine)through which the electron beam passes.back-up bars. Material intended only to stop beam energy exiti

42、ng the workpiece in full penetration welds.beam current. Measure of the quantity of electrons flowing per unit time in an electron beam, usually expressed in unitsof milliamperes (mA).beam deflection. The position of the beam spot on the workpiece is moved rapidly by small amounts, deflecting thebea

43、m back and forth. This oscillatory movement is superimposed on the steady movement along the weld path. Thefrequency of these oscillations can be from 10 Hz to 10 kHz, in one plane or in a circular, elliptical, or other pattern.beam deflection coils. Electromagnetic coils used to change the path of

44、the electron beam.beam forming electrode. See bias cup.beam modulation. Any change in beam current (may be periodic).1ANSI standards are published by the American Welding Society, 8669 Doral Blvd., Suite 130, Doral, FL 33166.2AVS documents are published by the American Vacuum Society, 125 Maiden Lan

45、e, 15th Floor, New York, NY 10038.3AWS documents are published by the American Welding Society, 8669 Doral Blvd., Suite 130, Doral, FL 33166.AWS C7.1M/C7.1:20133beam oscillation. See beam deflection.beam power. A measure of the kinetic energy of the beam per unit time and equal to the product of the

46、 beam voltagetimes the beam current. In equation form, the beam power, P, in watts (W), isP = V I (Eq. 1)whereV = Beam Voltage, kilovolts (kV)I = Beam Current, milliamperes (mA)beam rastering. A method of high speed beam deflection (kilohertz range or higher) used for simulated multi-beamprocessing

47、(joint detection, pattern generation, multi-welds, and in situ postweld heat treatment).beam spot. Apparent size of the beam impingement area on the surface of the workpiece (working spot size as opposedto focal spot size). See also focal spot.beam voltage. Magnitude of electrical potential employed

48、 to accelerate and increase the energy of the electrons in anelectron beam gun (usually expressed in units of kilovolts).bias cup. Component of a triode gun, more electrically negative than the cathode, used as a grid to control the beamcurrent and shape the beam. Also referred to as grid cup. See a

49、lso triode gun.cathode. The source of electrons, commonly a segment of tungsten or tantalum, heated to a temperature where ther-mionic emission occurs. Other forms and materials used as thermionic emitters include buttons or rods of tungsten,tantalum, lanthanum hexaboride, and rare earth oxides. See also filament.CNC. An acronym for Computerized Numerical Control.cold shut. A form of weld discontinuity caused by material solidifying at an interface before the liquid metal on eitherside of the interface flows together to form a continuous structure.column valve. A vacuum valve between