AWWA 1940-2016 Water Treatment Grade 1.pdf

1、GRADE 1 GRADE 1 AWWA Water System Operations Water Treatment Meets latest ABC Need-to-Know Criteria Comprehensive training in one book Includes access to online resources including 100+ videos 100+ study questions included AWWA Water System Operations AWWAs Water System Operations (WSO) series is th

2、e leading operator certification training, aligned with current Association of Boards of Certification (ABC) Need-to-Know criteria and offering training based on experience and certification level. WSO Water Treatment, Grade 1, is organized into 21 chapters addressing core test content on certificat

3、ion exams. Chapters discuss regulations, operator math and chemistry, and specific treatment processes in detail. Other chapters cover water quality testing, electrical and monitoring systems, treatment plant safety, and monitoring and recording requirements. Everything you need to know to pass your

4、 Grade 1 exam is included in this book. To reinforce learning, the book includes full-color illustrations and links to video clips, as well as questions at the end of each chapter. Key Features: Developed in accordance with current ABC criteria Focused on specific experience and certification level

5、Includes additional study questions at the end of each chapter Refers to more than 100 videos for additional training www.awwa.org Dedicated to the worlds most important resource, AWWA sets the standard for water knowledge, management, and informed public policy. AWWA members provide solutions to im

6、prove public health, protect the environment, strengthen the economy, and enhance our quality of life. 1940 (1 2/17) IW Water Treatment GRADE 1Grade 1 Water TreatmentCopyright 1979, 1995, 2003, 2010, 2016 American Water Works Association. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America.

7、 No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the p

8、ublisher. Disclaimer Many of the photographs and illustrative drawings that appear in this book have been furnished through the courtesy of various product distributors and manufacturers. Any mention of trade names, commercial products, or services does not constitute endorsement or recommendation f

9、or use by the American Water Works Association or the US Environmental Protection Agency. In no event will AWWA be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of the use of information presented in this book. In particular, AWWA will not be responsible for

10、any costs, including, but not limited to, those incurred as a result of lost revenue. In no event shall AWWAs liability exceed the amount paid for the purchase of this book. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data CIP data has been applied for. ISBN: 9781625761231 000200010271962107 6666

11、West Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235-3098 303.794.7711 iii Contents Foreword vii Acknowledgments viii How to Use This Book ix Chapter 1 Basic Microbiology and Chemistry 1 Microbiological Contaminants 1 Water Chemistry 9 Organic Contaminants 28 Radiological Contaminants 32 Chapter 2 Operator Math 39 P

12、owers and Scientific Notation 39 Dimensional Analysis 41 Rounding and Estimating 43 Solving for the Unknown Value 46 Ratios and Proportions 48 Averages 50 Percentages 51 Linear Measurements 52 Area Measurements 54 Volume Measurements 57 Conversions 60 Chapter 3 USEPA Water Quality Regulations Overvi

13、ew 85 Types of Water Systems 85 Disinfection By- product and Microbial Regulations 86 Chapter 4 Water Sources and Treatment Options 103 Water Supply Hydrology 103 Groundwater 106 Surface Water 110 Introduction to Water Treatment 113 Chapter 5 Groundwater Quality and Wells 119 Groundwater Quality 119

14、 Chemical Characteristics 120 Water Well Terminology 122iv WSO Water Treatment, Grade 1 Types of Wells 127 Well Construction Procedures 134 Aquifer Performance 139 Well Operation and Maintenance 141 Well Abandonment 141 Springs and Infiltration Galleries 142 Chapter 6 Surface Water Source Treatment

15、147 Surface Water Sources 147 Surface Water Source Considerations 157 Treatment of Water at the Source 161 Chapter 7 Treatment Plant Pretreatment 179 Screening 179 Presedimentation 182 Microstraining 187 Preoxidation 188 Chapter 8 Coagulation and Flocculation 191 Process Description 191 Coagulant Ch

16、emicals and Feed Equipment 194 Chemical Purchasing, Receiving, and Quality Control 198 Rapid-Mix Facilities 202 Flocculation Facilities 204 Chapter 9 Sedimentation and Clarifiers 209 Process Description 209 Sedimentation Facilities 210 Chapter 10 Filtration Fundamentals 219 Process Description 219 A

17、pproaches to Filtration 220 Types of Gravity Filters 224 Chapter 11 Disinfection 229 Destroying Pathogens in Water 230 Gas Chlorination Facilities 245 Hypochlorination Facilities 257 Chapter 12 Introduction to Iron and Manganese Treatment 261 Excessive Iron and Manganese 261 Control Processes 263 Ch

18、apter 13 Fluoridation 269 Process Description 269 Fluoridation Facilities 270Contents v Chapter 14 Water Quality Testing 283 Water Quality Monitoring 283 Quality Assurance and Quality Control 293 Common Water Utility Tests 298 Chapter 15 Corrosion Control 307 Purposes of Corrosion and Scaling Contro

19、l 307 Water System Corrosion 308 Scale Formation 312 Corrosion and Scaling Control Methods 313 Chapter 16 Lime Softening Basics 319 Effects of Hard and Soft Water 319 Softening Processes 323 Chapter 17 Introduction to Specialized Treatment Processes 327 Adsorption 327 Aeration 329 Membrane Processes

20、 334 Ion Exchange 338 Other Disinfectants 343 Plant Waste Treatment Process Description 345 Chapter 18 Introduction to Electrical Systems 349 Electricity and Magnetism 349 Electrical Measurements and Equipment 351 Treatment Plant Instrumentation and Control Basics 353 Chapter 19 Pumps 357 Types of P

21、umps 357 Mechanical Details of Centrifugal Pumps 363 Chapter 20 Treatment Plant Safety 371 Safety Regulations 371 General Plant Safety 374 Lab Safety 379 Chapter 21 Administration, Records, and Reporting Procedures 383 Process Records 383 Reporting 387 Plant Performance Reports 387 Public Relations

22、388 Study Question Answers 391 References 399 Glossary 401 Index 411 vii Foreword This book is part of the Water System Operations (WSO) series. This water operator education series was designed by the American Water Works Association (AWWA) to address core test content on certification exams by ope

23、rator certification type (treatment or distribution) and certification grade level. The current books in the series are: WSO Water Treatment, Grade 1 WSO Water Treatment, Grade 2 WSO Water Treatment, Grades 3 approximately 2,700 persons became ill, and 4 people died. US Environmental Protection Agen

24、cy A US government agency responsible for implementing federal laws designed to protect the environment. contaminant Anything found in water other than water itself. Full glossary definitions can be found on pages 401410.2 WSO Water Treatment, Grade 1 Following the September 11, 2001, terrorist atta

25、cks and other security threats, the CDC has grown more concerned about the potential for multiple contaminants to interact and cause mixed- agent outbreaks. Thus, the CDC now keeps track of waterborne illnesses as “mixed causes” to include all sources of illness, including chemicals, microbial agent

26、s, and other sources such as radiological contaminants. Waterborne diseases are usually described as acute, meaning the symptoms are sudden but in healthy people last only a short time. Most waterborne patho- gens cause gastrointestinal illness with diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting,

27、and other symptoms. Some waterborne pathogens can be associated with more serious disorders such as hepatitis, gastric cancer, peptic ulcers, myo- carditis, swollen lymph glands, meningitis, encephalitis, and many other diseases. Protozoa, bacteria, and viruses are microorganisms. Microorganisms are

28、 organisms too small to be seen by the naked eye and can be seen only with a microscope. Parasites are microorganisms that live within, and may cause harm to, other organismsincluding humans. Note that the term pathogen is the broad- est of these terms, referring to an agent that causes harm to its

29、host organism. The pathogens that are still of some concern as sources of waterborne disease are discussed in the following sections. Bacteria Bacteria are single- cell microorganisms that are smaller than parasites but larger and more complex than viruses. They multiply by binary fissionthat is, by

30、 replicating their single strand of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and dividing in half. The more common shapes are spheres, rods, spirals, and branching threads (described as filamentous). Bacteria range in diameter from 0.5 to 1 micrometer pathogen A disease-causing organism. microorganism An organis

31、m too small to be seen by the naked eye and visible only with a microscope. parasite An organism that lives within, and may cause harm to, other organisms. bacteria A one-celled microscopic organism that has no chlorophyll. Usually has a spherical, rodlike, or curved shape. Table 1-1 Waterborne dise

32、ases Waterborne Illness Causative Organism Source of Organism in Water Symptom/Outcome Gastroenteritis Salmonella (bacteria) Campylobacter (bacteria) Animal or human feces Acute diarrhea and vomiting Typhoid Salmonella typhi (bacteria) Human feces Inflamed intestine, enlarged spleen, high temperatur

33、e fatal Dysentery Shigella Human feces Diarrheararely fatal Cholera Vibrio cholerae (bacteria) Human feces Vomiting, severe diarrhea, rapid dehydration, mineral losshigh mortality Infectious hepatitis Virus (Hepatitis A) Human feces, shellfish grown in polluted waters Yellowed skin, enlarged liver,

34、abdominal pain; lasts as long as 4 monthslow mortality Amoebic dysentery Entamoeba histolytica (protozoa) Human feces, sewage Mild diarrhea, chronic dysentery Giardiasis Giardia lamblia (protozoa) Animal feces, sewage Diarrhea, cramps, nausea, general weakness; lasts 130 weeksnot fatal Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidium Human and animal feces Diarrhea, abdominal pain, v o m i t i n g , l o w - g r a d e f e v er