AWWA B200-2012 Sodium Chloride.pdf

1、 ANSI/AWWA B200-12 (Revision of ANSI/AWWA B200-07) AWWA Standard Effective date: June 1, 2012. First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors July 6, 1949. This edition approved Jan. 22, 2012. Approved by American National Standards Institute March 27, 2012. 6666 West Quincy Avenue Advocacy Denve

2、r, CO 80235-3098 Communications T 800.926.7337 Conferences www.awwa.org Education and TrainingScience and TechnologySections The Authoritative Resource on Safe WaterSodium Chloride SM Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. ii AWWA Standard This document is an American

3、Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally contained in specifi- cations. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the u

4、ser of the standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA publication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is ent

5、irely voluntary. This standard does not supersede or take precedence over or displace any applicable law, regulation, or codes of any governmental authority. AWWA standards are intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfactory service

6、. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed on the first page of the Official Notice section of Journal - American Water Works Association. The action becomes effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal - American Water Works

7、 Association publication of the official notice. American National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general pu

8、blic. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. Ameri- can National Standards are

9、 subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are encouraged to state on their own responsibility in advertising and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the goods are produced i

10、n conformity with particular American National Standards. Caution n oti Ce : The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time.

11、ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institut

12、e, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036; (212) 642-4900, or e-mailing infoansi.org. ISBN-13, print: 978-1-58321-884-6 eISBN-13, electronic: 978-1-61300-142-4 ISBN-10, print: 1-58321-884-X eISBN-10, electronic: 1-61300-142-8 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be rep

13、roduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Copyright 2012 by American Wa

14、ter Works Association Printed in USA Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. iii Committee Personnel The AWWA Standards Committee on Ion Exchange, which reviewed and approved this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval: Christopher J. Martin, Chai

15、r Juan J. Menendez, Vice-Chair General Interest Members J.J. Gemin,* AECOM, Kitchener, Ont., Canada C.J. Martin, AECOM Water, Bakersfield, Calif. (AWWA) J.J. Menendez, Miami, Fla. (AWWA) G.L. Pierson, HDR Engineering Inc., Bellevue, Wash. (AWWA) E.S. Ralph, Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver,

16、Colo. (AWWA) B.M. Shepherd, Standards Council Liaison, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, LaVerne, Calif. (AWWA) J. Yoshimura, Camp Dresser & McKee Inc., Carlsbad, Calif. (AWWA) Producer Members H.L. Aronovitch, Hungerford & Terry Inc., Clayton, N.J. (AWWA) K.J. Ficek, Oglesby, Ill.

17、 (AWWA) F.J. DeSilva, ResinTech Inc., Los Angeles, Calif. (AWWA) User Members G.L. Ghurye, Exxon Mobile Upstream Research Company, Houston, Texas (AWWA) W.D. Keene, Burlington Department Public Works, Burlington, Mass. (AWWA) J.R. Leserman, Castaic Lake Water Agency, Santa Clarita, Calif. (AWWA) T.M

18、. Minten, Jurupa Community Service District, Mira Loma, Calif. (AWWA) * Alternate Liaison, nonvoting Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. This page intentionally blank. Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. v Contents All AWWA standard

19、s follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this format may be found in a particular standard. SEC. PAGESEC. PAGE Foreword I Introduction. . vii I.A Background . vii I.B History. viii I.C Acceptance . ix II Special Issues . x III Use of This Standard . x III.A Purchaser

20、Options and Alternatives . x III.B Modification to Standard . xi IV Major Revisions xi V Comments . xi Standard 1 General 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 Purpose . 1 1.3 Application 1 2 References 2 3 Definitions . 2 4 Requirements 4.1 Physical Requirements . 3 4.2 Chemical Requirements 4 4.3 Impurities 4 5 Verific

21、ation 5.1 Inspection . 5 5.2 Sampling . 5 5.3 Test ProceduresGeneral . 7 5.4 Moisture . 7 5.5 Insoluble Matter 7 5.6 Calcium 8 5.7 Magnesium . 10 5.8 Sulfate . 11 5.9 Grease, Fat, and Oil 11 5.10 pH Value . 12 5.11 Total Impurities 12 5.12 Sodium Chloride Assay .13 5.13 Notice of Nonconformance . 13

22、 6 Delivery 6.1 Marking 14 6.2 Packaging and Shipping 15 6.3 Affidavit of Compliance 16 Table 1 Maximum Impurity Limits . 5 Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. This page intentionally blank. Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. vii F

23、oreword This foreword is for information only and is not a part of ANSI*/AWWA B200. I. Introduction. I.A. Background. Bedded salt deposits are the remains of ancient seas that have evaporated. Bedded deposits occur in horizontal layers of the mineral halite. These layers range from several to hundre

24、ds of feet (meters) in thickness and are between several and several thousand feet (meters) below the surface of the earth. Some bedded deposits between 25,000 ft and 50,000 ft (7,600 m and 15,200 m) below the surface of the earth have been subjected to pressures that have caused the salt to move up

25、ward through overlying sedimentary layers toward the Earths surface. Presently, these deposits exist as domes of nearly pure salt that may be as large as 2 mi (3.2 km) in diameter and are sometimes found within a few feet of the Earths surface. Concentrated brine is found in surface lakes or undergr

26、ound pools. Along sea- coasts, the oceans provide a virtually unlimited source of salt. Rock salt is produced by the conventional room-and-pillar mining method. After sinking a shaft to the salt level, the face, or vertical area, is drilled and may be under- cut. The drill holes are loaded with expl

27、osives, and the explosives are detonated. The fragmented salt that results is crushed, screened, transported to the shaft, and hoisted to the surface. Solar salt is produced by the natural evaporation of seawater or more concentrated brine from surface lakes or underground formations in shallow pond

28、s. Solution-mined brine, from which evaporated salt is produced, is obtained by drill- ing wells into bedded or domal rock-salt deposits and injecting water into the deposit. The water dissolves the rock salt to produce a saturated brine. Salt deposits can be solution-mined through a single set of c

29、oncentric pipes or through two or more sepa- rate pipes within the same deposit. The brine can then be evaporated to produce dry salt by vacuum-pan evaporation or modifications of vacuum-pan evaporation, grainer evaporation, or the Alberger process. In vacuum-pan evaporation, cubic “vacuum-granulate

30、d” salt crystals form in the brine during evaporation and are removed as a slurry, which is then dewatered and dried. * American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036. The terms salt and brine are used to describe the chemical compound sodium chloride (N

31、aCl). Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. viii In the grainer process, small hoppers of salt form on the surface of a concentrated brine solution. These drop to the bottom of the grainer pan once they become large enough to overcome forces that hold them to the surf

32、ace. The resultant flake salt is removed from the grainer by rakes and dried in a rotary dryer. The Alberger process is a part vacuum-pan, part grainer operation in which cubic crystals are formed in a flash chamber and fed to the grainer pans. The seed crystals in the grainer pan produce a product

33、that is a mixture of grainer-type flakes and flakes grown on seed crystals. The salt is centrifuged from the brine and dried as in the grainer process. Screens are used to separate the salt into specific grades. Any of the three types of salt (rock, solar, or vacuum-granulated and their com- pressed

34、 forms) can be used for regeneration of ion-exchange resins. The greater quantity of insoluble matter in some rock salt may require clarification of the brine. The accu - mulation of insolubles in the brine tank is a disadvantage, because periodic removal is necessary. Vacuum-granulated salt has the

35、 highest purity and leaves no insoluble residue. Salt for regeneration of ion-exchange units should be selected on the basis of the brine purity required. Cation-exchange processes usually require that the saturated brine contain less than 2,000 mg/L of calcium sulfate (CaSO 4 ). Anion-exchange pro-

36、 cesses require brine with low calcium and magnesium (Mg) content to produce a con- sistent quality of effluent water. When caustic soda or soda ash is added to the brine makeup, saturated brine with a calcium level of 0 to 10 mg/L (as Ca) should be used. The magnesium level should be 0 to 2 mg/L (a

37、s Mg). I.B. History. The first edition of the AWWA standard for sodium chloride was approved as tentative by the AWWA Board of Directors on July 6, 1949. ANSI/AWWA B200 was made a standard on May 1 5, 1 953. Revisions approved on June 5, 1 964, provided new sections on information to be supplied by

38、the purchaser and on an affidavit of compliance. The revisions also provided for the use of the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) titrimetric method for determining calcium and magnesium, the permanganate titrimetric method for calcium, and the gravimetric method for magnesium. The 1969 revisio

39、ns of the standard provided for two types of salt that were not included in earlier standards: evaporated and compressed evaporated salt. At that time, the impurity limits for certain constituents were revised, the definitions section was revised and enlarged, the physical characteristics were modif

40、ied regarding fineness requirements, and minor changes were made in the test methods. The 1978 edition combined evaporated salt and compressed evaporated salt and added a specification Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. ix for compressed solar salt. The 1988 editio

41、n included an acceptance clause in the fore- word and revised definitions, limits, and test procedures. The 1993 edition included a revised acceptance statement and definitions. The 1998 edition of ANSI/AWWA B200 was revised to conform to AWWA standard style. The ninth edition of ANSI/AWWA B200 was

42、approved by the AWWA Board of Directors on June 11, 2006. This edition was approved on Jan. 22, 2012. I.C. Acceptance. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF International (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party co

43、nsensus standards and a certification program for direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of the original consortium included the American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AwwaRF, now Water Research Foundation*) and the Conference of State Health and Environmental Man

44、agers (COSHEM). The American Water Works Association and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) joined later. In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with, drinking water rests with individual states. Local agencies may choose to impose

45、requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate the health effects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state and local agencies may use various references, including two standards developed under the direction of NSF, NSF /ANSI 60, Drinking Water Tr

46、eatment ChemicalsHealth Effects, and NSF/ANSI 61, Drinking Water System ComponentsHealth Effects. Various certification organizations may be involved in certifying products in accor- dance with NSF/ANSI 60. Individual states or local agencies have authority to accept or accredit certification organi

47、zations within their jurisdiction. Accreditation of certi- fication organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Annex A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures,” to NSF/ANSI 60 does not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances not regulated by a U

48、SEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The MALs of an unspecified list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity testing guidelines (noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens). Use of Annex A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier.

49、* Water Research Foundation, 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO 80235. Persons outside the United States should contact the appropriate authority having jurisdiction. NSF International, 789 N. Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48113. Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. x ANSI/AWWA B200 addresses additives requirements in Sec. 4.3 of the standard. The transfer of contaminants from chemicals to processed water or to residual solids is becoming a problem of great concern. The language in Sec. 4.3.4 is a recommenda- t