AWWA B200-2017 Sodium Chloride.pdf

1、AWWA Standard SM Sodium Chloride Effective date May 1, 2017. First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors July 6, 1949. This edition approved Jan. 14, 2017. Approved by American National Standards Institute Jan. 24, 2017. ANSI/AWWA B200-17 (Revision of ANSI/AWWA B200-12)ii AWWA Standard This do

2、cument is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally contained in specifications. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must b

3、e evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA pub- lication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of

4、 AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. This standard does not supersede or take precedence over or displace any applicable law, regulation, or code of any governmental authority. AWWA standards are intended to represent a consensus of the water industry that the product described will provide satisf

5、actory ser- vice. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed on the first page of the Official Notice section of Journal American Water Works Association. The action becomes effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal American

6、 Water Works Association publication of the official notice. American National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and th

7、e general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or proce - dures not conforming to the standard. American National

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9、 are produced in conformity with particular American National Standards. Caution n oti Ce : The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdraw

10、n at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Sta

11、ndards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036; 212.642.4900; or emailing infoansi.org. hours of work by your fellow water professionals. Revenue from the sales of this AWWA material supports ongoing product development. Unauthorized distribution, either electronic or photoc

12、opied, is illegal and hinders AWWAs mission to support the water community. This AWWA content is the product of thousands of ISBN-13, print: 978-1-58321-214-6 eISBN-13, electronic: 978-1-61300-414-2DOI: http:/dx.doi.org/10.12999/AWWA.B200.17 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be re

13、produced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Copyright 2017 by American W

14、ater Works Association Printed in USA Copyright 2017 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. iii Committee Personnel The AWWA Standards Committee on Ion Exchange, which reviewed and approved this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval: Todd M. Minten, Chair Gene

15、ral Interest Members A. Fisher, Water Quality Association, Lisle, Ill. (AWWA) J.J. Gemin, AECOM, Kitchener, Ont., Canada (AWWA) N.E. McTigue,* Standards Council Liaison, EE&T Inc., Newport News, Va. (AWWA) G.L. Pierson, HDR Engineering Inc., Seattle, Wash. (AWWA) E.S. Ralph,*Standards Engineer Liais

16、on, AWWA, Denver, Colo. (AWWA) H. Steiman, Louis Berger Group, Needham, Mass. (AWWA) J. Yoshimura, CDM Smith, Carlsbad, Calif. (AWWA) Producer Members P. Check, Clark Corporation, Windsor, Wis. (AWWA) F.J. DeSilva, ResinTech Inc., Gardena, Calif. (AWWA) D.M. Hambley, Anthratech Western Inc., Vancouv

17、er, B.C., Canada (AWWA) R.R. Jones, Hungerford & Terry Inc., Clayton, N.J. (AWWA) User Members J.R. Leserman, Castaic Lake Water Agency, Santa Clarita, Calif. (AWWA) M.A. Melton, Aqua North Carolina, Denver, N.C. (AWWA) T.M. Minten, Chino Basin Desalter Authority, Riverside, Calif. (AWWA) T. ONeill,

18、 City of Ontario, Ontario, Calif. (AWWA) * Liaison, nonvoting Copyright 2017 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. This page intentionally blank. Copyright 2017 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. v Contents All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated s

19、ubsequently. Some variations from this format may be found in a particular standard. SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE Foreword I Introduction vii I.A Background . vii I.B History . viii I.C Acceptance . ix II Special Issues . x III Use of This Standard . x III.A Purchaser Options and Alternatives . x III.B Modif

20、ication to Standard . xi IV Major Revisions xi V Comments . xi Standard 1 General 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 Purpose . 1 1.3 Application 1 2 References 2 3 Definitions . 2 4 Requirements 4.1 Physical Requirements . 3 4.2 Chemical Requirements 4 4.3 Impurities 4 5 Verification 5.1 Inspection . 5 5.2 Sampling .

21、5 5.3 Test ProceduresGeneral . 7 5.4 Moisture . 7 5.5 Insoluble Matter 7 5.6 Calcium 8 5.7 Magnesium . 10 5.8 Sulfate . 11 5.9 Grease, Fat, and Oil 12 5.10 pH Value . 12 5.11 Total Impurities 13 5.12 Sodium Chloride Assay . 13 5.13 Notice of Nonconformance . 14 6 Delivery 6.1 Marking 14 6.2 Packagin

22、g and Shipping 15 6.3 Affidavit of Compliance 16 Table 1 Maximum Impurity Limits . 5 Copyright 2017 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. This page intentionally blank. Copyright 2017 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. vii Foreword This foreword is for informatio

23、n only and is not a part of ANSI*/AWWA B200. I. Introduction. I.A. Background. Bedded salt deposits are the remains of ancient seas that have evaporated. Bedded deposits occur in horizontal layers of the mineral halite. These layers range from several feet to hundreds of feet (meters) in thickness a

24、nd are between several feet and several thousand feet (meters) below the surface of the earth. Some bedded deposits between 25,000 ft and 50,000 ft (7,600 m and 15,200 m) below the surface of the earth have been subjected to pressures that have caused the salt to move upward through overlying sedime

25、ntary layers toward the Earths surface. Presently, these deposits exist as domes of nearly pure salt that may be as large as 2 mi (3.2 km) in diameter and are sometimes found within a few feet of the Earths surface. Concentrated brine is found in surface lakes or underground pools. Along sea- coasts

26、, the oceans provide a virtually unlimited source of salt. Rock salt is produced by the conventional room-and-pillar mining method. After sinking a shaft to the salt level, the face, or vertical area, is drilled and may be under- cut. The drill holes are loaded with explosives, and the explosives ar

27、e detonated. The fragmented salt that results is crushed, screened, transported to the shaft, and hoisted to the surface. Solar salt is produced by the natural evaporation of seawater or more concentrated brine from surface lakes or underground formations in shallow ponds. Solution-mined brine, from

28、 which evaporated salt is produced, is obtained by drill- ing wells into bedded or domal rock-salt deposits and injecting water into the deposit. The water dissolves the rock salt to produce a saturated brine. Salt deposits can be solution-mined through a single set of concentric pipes or through tw

29、o or more sepa- rate pipes within the same deposit. The brine can then be evaporated to produce dry salt by vacuum-pan evaporation or modifications of vacuum-pan evaporation, grainer evaporation, or the Alberger process. In vacuum-pan evaporation, cubic “vacuum-granulated” salt crystals form in the

30、brine during evaporation and are removed as a slurry, which is then dewatered and dried. * American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036. The terms salt and brine are used to describe the chemical compound sodium chloride (NaCl). Copyright 2017 American

31、 Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. viii In the grainer process, small hoppers of salt form on the surface of a concentrated brine solution. These drop to the bottom of the grainer pan once they become large enough to overcome forces that hold them to the surface. The resultant flake salt

32、 is removed from the grainer by rakes and dried in a rotary dryer. The Alberger process is a part vacuum-pan, part grainer operation in which cubic crystals are formed in a flash chamber and fed to the grainer pans. The seed crystals in the grainer pan produce a product that is a mixture of grainer-

33、type flakes and flakes grown on seed crystals. The salt is centrifuged from the brine and dried as in the grainer process. Screens are used to separate the salt into specific grades. Any of the three salt types (rock, solar, or vacuum-granulated and their compressed forms) can be used for regenerati

34、on of ion-exchange resins. The greater quantity of insoluble matter in some rock salt may require clarification of the brine. The accumula - tion of insolubles in the brine tank is a disadvantage because periodic removal is neces- sary. Vacuum-granulated salt has the highest purity and leaves no ins

35、oluble residue. Salt for regeneration of ion-exchange units should be selected on the basis of the brine purity required. Cation-exchange processes usually require that the saturated brine contain less than 2,000 mg/L of calcium sulfate (CaSO 4 ). Anion-exchange pro- cesses require brine with low ca

36、lcium and magnesium (Mg) content to produce a con- sistent quality of effluent water. When caustic soda or soda ash is added to the brine makeup, saturated brine with a calcium level of 0 to 10 mg/L (as Ca) should be used. The magnesium level should be 0 to 2 mg/L (as Mg). I.B. History. The first ed

37、ition of the AWWA standard for sodium chloride was approved as tentative by the AWWA Board of Directors on July 6, 1949. ANSI/ AWWA B200 was made a standard on May 15, 1953. Revisions approved on June 5, 1964, provided new sections on information to be supplied by the purchaser and on an affidavit o

38、f compliance. The revisions also provided for the use of the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) titrimetric method for determining calcium and magnesium, the permanganate titrimetric method for calcium, and the gravimetric method for magnesium. The 1969 revisions of the standard provided for two

39、 types of salt that were not included in earlier standards: evaporated and compressed evaporated salt. At that time, the impurity limits for certain constituents were revised, the definitions section was revised and enlarged, the physical characteristics were modified regarding fineness requirements

40、, and minor changes were made in the test methods. The 1978 edition combined evaporated salt and compressed evaporated salt and added a specification for compressed solar salt. The 1988 edition included an acceptance clause in the fore- Copyright 2017 American Water Works Association. All Rights Res

41、erved. ix word and revised definitions, limits, and test procedures. The 1993 edition included a revised acceptance statement and definitions. The 1998 edition of ANSI/AWWA B200 was revised to conform to AWWA standard style. The ninth edition of ANSI/AWWA B200 was approved by the AWWA Board of Direc

42、tors on June 11, 2006. The last revi- sion was approved on Jan. 22, 2012. This edition was approved on Jan. 14, 2017. I.C. Acceptance. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF International (NSF) to develop voluntar

43、y third-party consensus standards and a certification program for direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of the original consortium included the Water Research Foundation (formerly AwwaRF), and the Conference of State Health and Environmental Managers (COSHEM). The American Wate

44、r Works Association (AWWA) and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) joined later. In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with, drinking water rests with individual states.* Local agencies may choose to impose requirements more stringe

45、nt than those required by the state. To evaluate the health effects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state and local agencies may use various references, including two standards developed under the direction of NSF: NSF/ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Ef

46、fects, and NSF/ANSI 61, Drinking Water System ComponentsHealth Effects. Various certification organizations may be involved in certifying products in accor- dance with NSF/ANSI 60. Individual states or local agencies have authority to accept or accredit certification organizations within their juris

47、dictions. Accreditation of certi- fication organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Annex A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures,” to NSF/ANSI 60 does not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances not regulated by a USEPA final maximum contam

48、inant level (MCL). The MALs of an unspecified list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity testing guidelines (noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens). Use of Annex A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier. ANSI/AWWA B200 addresses

49、additives requirements in Sec. 4.3 of the standard. The transfer of contaminants from chemicals to processed water or to residual solids is becoming a problem of great concern. The language in Sec. 4.3.4 is a recommenda - * Persons outside the United States should contact the appropriate authority having jurisdiction. NSF International, 789 North Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 Copyright 2017 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. x tion only for direct additives used in the treatment of potable water to be certified by an accredited ce