AWWA B510-2012 Carbon Dioxide.pdf

1、 ANSI/AWWA B510-12 (Revision of ANSI/AWWA B510-06) AWWA Standard Effective date: March 1, 2012. First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors June 18, 1989. This edition approved Jan. 22, 2012. Approved by American National Standards Institute Nov. 30, 2011. 6666 West Quincy Avenue Advocacy Denv

2、er, CO 80235-3098 Communications T 800.926.7337 Conferences www.awwa.org Education and TrainingScience and TechnologySections The Authoritative Resource on Safe WaterCarbon Dioxide SM Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. ii AWWA Standard This document is an American

3、Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally contained in specifi- cations. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the u

4、ser of the standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA publication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is ent

5、irely voluntary. This standard does not supersede or take precedence over or displace any applicable law, regulation, or codes of any governmental authority. AWWA standards are intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfactory service

6、. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed in the official notice section of Journal - American Water Works Association. The action becomes effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal - American Water Works Association publi

7、cation of the official notice. American National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existenc

8、e of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. Ameri- can National Standards are subject to period

9、ic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are encouraged to state on their own responsibility in advertising and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the goods are produced in conformity with

10、particular American National Standards. Caution n oti Ce : The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures re

11、quire that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd St

12、reet, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036; (212) 642-4900, or e-mailing infoansi.org. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except i

13、n the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Copyright 2012 by American Water Works Association Printed in USA Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. iii Committee Personnel The AWWA Standards Committe

14、e on Carbon Dioxide, which developed this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval: Franklyn W. Pogge, Chair General Interest Members J.H. Bambei Jr.,* Denver Water, Denver, Colo. (AWWA) V.E. Jacobsen, TKDA, Saint Paul, Minn. (AWWA) D.A. Johnson, Saint Cloud, Minn. (AWWA) S.J. P

15、osavec,* Standards Group Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. (AWWA) Producer Members D. Burgener, Air Liquide America Corporation, Countryside, Ill. (AWWA) User Members R.T. Dixon, Truckee Meadows Water Authority, Reno, Nev. (AWWA) F.W. Pogge, Kansas City Water Services Department, Kansas City, Mo. (AWWA)

16、* Liaison, nonvoting Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. This page intentionally blank. Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. v Contents All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this fo

17、rmat may be found in a particular standard. Foreword I Introduction vii I.A Background . vii I.B History . viii I.C Acceptance . viii II Special Issues . x II.A Storage and Handling Precautions x III Use of This Standard xi III.A Purchaser Options and Alternatives xi III.B Modification to Standard x

18、ii IV Major Revisions . xii V Comments xii Standard 1 General 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 Purpose . 1 1.3 Application 1 2 References 1 3 Definitions . 2 4 Requirements 4.1 Physical Description 3 4.2 Chemical Requirements 3 4.3 Impurities 3 5 Verification 5.1 Sampling . 5 5.2 Test Procedures . 7 6 Delivery 6.1 M

19、arking 14 6.2 Packaging and Shipping 14 6.3 Affidavit of Compliance or Certified Analysis . 15 Appendix A Bibliography 17 Table 1 Directory of Limiting Characteristics . 4 SEC. PAGESEC. PAGE Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. This page intentionally blank. Copyrigh

20、t 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. vii Foreword This foreword is for information only and is not a part of ANSI*/AWWA B510. I. Introduction. I.A. Background. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that forms a very weak acid known as carbonic ac

21、id when dissolved in water. The reaction of carbon dioxide in water to be treated forms bicarbonates with calcium carbonate or calcium hydroxide when used to neutralize excess lime following lime softening. Originally, carbon dioxide gas was added to the water to convert normal carbonates, which are

22、 slightly soluble, to bicarbonates, which are more soluble, to prevent the precipitation of encrusting scale from the water. This practice, however, led to the formation of an aggressive water, and the addition of carbon dioxide is now used primarily for pH adjustment following excess lime softening

23、 or lime treatment. Additional information on carbon dioxide is contained in CGA G-6, Carbon Dioxide. Carbon dioxide gas for recarbonation may be obtained in several ways. In older water plants, the gas is made by burning a hydrocarbon fuel, such as coke, oil, or gas (or a combination of these), wit

24、h an excess of air, scrubbing the stack gases if necessary, and conveying the gas to the point of application, using a compressor or blower. There may be a wide variation in the percentage of carbon dioxide in the gases, so that very frequent attention and adjustment of the regulating valves is nece

25、ssary. Underwater burners, in which a mixture of air and gas such as propane is ignited and burned near the bottom of the recarbonation basin, are free from many of these difficulties. Production problems in on-site generation of carbon dioxide and low-absorption efficiency led to the use of commerc

26、ially manufactured carbon dioxide in the 1960s. A vaporizer is used to change the liquid carbon dioxide to a gas, which passes through a pressure-regulating valve to the diffusers. The amount of gas used can be controlled very accurately by flow measurement. Because the gas is pure carbon dioxide, m

27、uch smaller pipe and diffusing equipment is needed than for carbon dioxide generated from fuels, and the danger from carbon monoxide is virtually eliminated. Commercial carbon dioxide is generally obtained in bulk as a liquid under pressure from industrial gas companies and certain chemical supplier

28、s. It must be vaporized * American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036. Compressed Gas Association Inc., 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway, Room 501, Arlington, VA 22202. Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. viii and dissolv

29、ed in the water at the point of application. Commercial production of car- bon dioxide is generally by one of the following methods: recovery of carbon dioxide gas as a by-product from ammonia plants recovery and purification of by-product carbon dioxide from steam reforming of methane followed by t

30、he shift reaction recovery and purification of gas produced as a by-product of alcohol plants natural carbon dioxide gas wells recovery and purification of by-product gas from the calcining of limestone acid neutralization combustion of carbonaceous materials (such as fuel oil and natural gas) and p

31、urification of the resulting flue gas Carbon dioxide obtained from any of these sources is processed to a purity of 99 percent or better and contains no odor or taste contaminants. By compressing and cooling, carbon dioxide gas is condensed into its liquid form, which is the state most commonly used

32、 for transfer and storage in water treatment plants. Because of the varied nature of carbon dioxide production and feed equipment in use in the water supply industry today, it was the consensus of the AWWA Standards Committee on Carbon Dioxide that this standard address only the recommendations for

33、procurement of commercial carbon dioxide. This does not preclude any user of car - bon dioxide who produces it on-site from using the analytical techniques described in this standard to determine the purity of the product produced. It was not the intention of the committee to recommend any particula

34、r means of carbon dioxide generation or use, but merely to provide a standard for the purchaser of commercially produced carbon dioxide on the industrial market. I.B. History. The first edition of the AWWA standard for carbon dioxide was approved by the AWWA Board of Directors on June 18, 1989. The

35、standard was approved in the course of the activities of the AWWA Standards Committee on Carbon Dioxide. The purpose of ANSI/AWWA B510 is to cover carbon dioxide and not the design of carbon dioxide handling facilities or methods of transfer of carbon dioxide to the water being treated. Design infor

36、mation may be found in Journal - American Water Works Association and in other publications, some of which are listed in appendix A. Subsequent editions of this standard were approved on Jan. 22, 1995; June 11, 2000; and Feb. 12, 2006. This edition was approved on Jan. 22, 2012. I.C. Acceptance. In

37、May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. ix International (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a certification program for

38、 direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of the original consortium included the American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AwwaRF, now Water Research Foundation*) and the Conference of State Health and Environmental Managers (COSHEM). The American Water Works Associat

39、ion (AWWA) and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) joined later. In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with, drinking water rests with individual states. Local agencies may choose to impose requirements more stringent than those req

40、uired by the state. To evaluate the health effects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state and local agencies may use various references, including two standards developed under the direction of NSF, NSF/ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects, and NSF/AN

41、SI 61, Drinking Water System ComponentsHealth Effects. Various certification organizations may be involved in certifying products in accor- dance with NSF/ANSI 60. Individual states or local agencies have authority to accept or accredit certification organizations within their jurisdiction. Accredit

42、ation of certi- fication organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Annex A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures,” to NSF/ANSI 60 does not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances not regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL).

43、 The MALs of an unspecified list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity testing guidelines (noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens). Use of Annex A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier. ANSI/AWWA B510 addresses additives requirem

44、ents in Sec. 4.3 of the standard. The transfer of contaminants from chemicals to processed water or to residual solids is becoming a problem of great concern. The language in Sec. 4.3.4 is a recommenda- tion only for direct additives used in the treatment of potable water to be certified by an accre

45、dited certification organization in accordance with NSF/ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects. However, users of the standard may opt to make this certification a requirement for the product. Users of this standard should consult the appropriate state or local agency having juris

46、diction in order to * Water Research Foundation, 6666 W. Quincy Ave., Denver, CO 80235. Persons outside the United States should contact the appropriate authority having jurisdiction. NSF International, 789 N. Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105. Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Ri

47、ghts Reserved. x 1. Determine additives requirements, including applicable standards. 2. Determine the status of certifications by parties offering to certify products for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water. 3. Determine current information on product certification. II. Special Issues. II

48、.A. Storage and Handling Precautions. Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas of high specific gravity. It is hazardous because it is an asphyxiant and can replace the ambient air, causing an oxygen deficiency. Carbon dioxide gas is physiologically active and is ingested and exhaled by humans in

49、 low concentrations. Increasing exposure to elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide in air breathed results in an increased respiration rate. Carbon dioxide gas has been given an 8-hr, time-weighted average (TWA) by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) of 5,000 ppm ( 1 /2 percent).* The immediately dangerous to life or health level (IDLH) recommended by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has been set at 40,000 ppm (4 percent). Further details on physiological effects of carbon dioxid