AWWA B510-2018 Carbon Dioxide.pdf

1、ANSI/AWWA B510-18(Revision of ANSI/AWWA B510-12)AWWA StandardSMCarbon DioxideEffective date: May 1, 2018.First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors June 18, 1989.This edition approved Jan. 20, 2018.Approved by American National Standards Institute Nov. 30, 2017.Copyright 2018 American Water W

2、orks Association. All Rights Reserved. iiAWWA StandardThis document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally contained in specifica

3、tions. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA publication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor

4、does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. This standard does not supersede or take precedence over or displace any applicable law, regulation, or code of any governmental authority. AWWA standards are intended to represent a consensus of the wa

5、ter industry that the product described will provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed in the Official Notice section of Journal - American Water Works Association. The action becomes effective on the first day of the mont

6、h following the month of Journal AWWA publication of the official notice.American National StandardAn American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consu

7、mer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American N

8、ational Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are encouraged to state on their own responsibility in advertising and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the

9、 goods are produced in conformity with particular American National Standards.Caution notiCe: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdr

10、awn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of ANSI approval. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National

11、 Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036; 212.642.4900; or e-mailing infoansi.org.ISBN-13, print: 978-1-62576-287-0 eISBN-13, electronic: 978-1-61300-468-5DOI:http:/dx.doi.org/10.12999/AWWA.B510.18All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced o

12、r transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher.Copyright 2018 by American Water Works

13、Association Printed in USACopyright 2018 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. iiiCommittee PersonnelThe AWWA Standards Committee on Carbon Dioxide, which developed this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval:Franklyn W. Pogge, ChairGeneral Interest MembersS.

14、Cardia,*Standards Council Liaison, Mueller Company, Chattanooga, Tenn.N.J. Edman,*Standards Group Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo.V.E. Jacobsen, TKDA, Saint Paul, Minn.D.A. Johnson, Saint Cloud, Minn.S.J. Posavec,*Standards Group Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo.Producer MemberD. Burgener, Air Liquide Americ

15、a Corporation, Countryside, Ill.M.A. Dirth, Tomco2 Systems, Loganville, Ga.User MembersT.F. Clark, Monroe County Water Authority, Rochester, N.Y. R.T. Dixon, Truckee Meadows Water Authority, Reno, Nev. T.J. LaFountain, City Water, Light and Power, Springfield, Ill. F.W. Pogge, Kansas City Water Serv

16、ices Department, Kansas City, Mo. * Liaison, nonvotingCopyright 2018 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. This page intentionally blank.vForewordI. Introduction. . viiI.A Background. viiI.B History viiiI.C Acceptance viiiII Special Issues. xII.A Storage and HandlingPrecautions xIII

17、 Use of This Standard . xiIII.A Purchaser Options andAlternatives . xiIII.B Modification to Standard xiiIV Major Revisions . xiiV Comments xiiStandard1 General1.1 Scope. 11.2 Purpose . 11.3 Application 12 References 23 Definitions . 24 Requirements4.1 Physical Description 34.2 Chemical Requirements

18、34.3 Impurities 35 Verification5.1 Sampling . 55.2 Test Procedures 76 Delivery6.1 Marking 146.2 Packaging and Shipping 146.3 Affidavit of Compliance or Certified Analysis 16AppendixA Bibliography 17Table1 Directory of Limiting Characteristics . 4ContentsAll AWWA standards follow the general format i

19、ndicated subsequently. Some variations from this format may be found in a particular standard.SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGECopyright 2018 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. This page intentionally blank.viiForewordThis Foreword is for information only and is not a part of ANSI*/AWWA B510.I

20、. Introduction.I.A. Background. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, odorless, and tastelessgas that forms a very weak acid known as carbonic acid when dissolved in water. The reaction of carbon dioxide in water to be treated forms bicarbonates with calcium carbonate or calcium hydroxide when used t

21、o neutralize excess lime following lime softening. Originally, carbon dioxide gas was added to the water to convert normal carbonates, which are slightly soluble, to bicarbonates, which are more soluble, to prevent the precipitation of encrusting scale from the water. This practice, however, led to

22、the formation of an aggressive water, and the addition of carbon dioxide is now used primarily for pH adjustment following excess lime softening or lime treatment. Additional information on carbon dioxide is contained in CGAG-6, Carbon Dioxide.Carbon dioxide gas for recarbonation may be obtained in

23、several ways. In older water plants, the gas is made by burning a hydrocarbon fuel, such as coke, oil, or gas (or a combination of these), with an excess of air, scrubbing the stack gases if necessary, and conveying the gas to the point of application using a compressor or blower. There may be a wid

24、e variation in the percentage of carbon dioxide in the gases so that very frequent attention and adjustment of the regulating valves are necessary. Underwater burners, in which a mixture of air and gas such as propane is ignited and burned near the bottom of the recarbonation basin, are free from ma

25、ny of these difficulties.Production problems in onsite generation of carbon dioxide and low-absorption efficiency led to the use of commercially manufactured carbon dioxide in the 1960s. A vaporizer is used to change the liquid carbon dioxide to a gas, which passes through a pressure-regulating valv

26、e to the diffusers. The amount of gas used can be controlled very accurately by flow measurement. Because the gas is pure carbon dioxide, much smaller pipe and diffusing equipment are needed than for carbon dioxide generated from fuels, and the danger from carbon monoxide is virtually eliminated.Com

27、mercial carbon dioxide is generally obtained in bulk as a liquid under pressure from industrial gas companies and certain chemical suppliers. It must be vaporized and dissolved in water at the point of application. Commercial production of carbon dioxide is generally by one of the following methods:

28、* American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036.Compressed Gas Association Inc., 14501 George Carter Way, Suite 103, Chantilly, VA 20151.Copyright 2018 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. viii Recovery of carbon dioxide gas as a bypro

29、duct from ammonia plants Recovery and purification of byproduct carbon dioxide from steam reformingof methane followed by the shift reaction Recovery and purification of gas produced as a byproduct of alcohol plants Natural carbon dioxide gas wells Recovery and purification of byproduct gas from the

30、 calcining of limestone Acid neutralization Combustion of carbonaceous materials (such as fuel oil and natural gas) andpurification of the resulting flue gasCarbon dioxide obtained from any of these sources is processed to a purity of 99 percent or better and contains no odor or taste contaminants.

31、By compressing and cooling, carbon dioxide gas is condensed into its liquid form, which is the state most commonly used for transfer and storage in water treatment plants.Because of the varied nature of carbon dioxide production and feed equipment in use in the water supply industry today, it was th

32、e consensus of the AWWA Standards Committee on Carbon Dioxide that this standard address only the recommendations for procurement of commercial carbon dioxide. This does not preclude any user of carbon dioxide who produces it onsite from using the analytical techniques described in this standard to

33、determine the purity of the product produced. It was not the intention of the committee to recommend any particular means of carbon dioxide generation or use, but merely to provide a standard for the purchaser of commercially produced carbon dioxide on the industrial market.I.B. History. The first e

34、dition of the AWWA standard for carbon dioxidewas approved by the AWWA Board of Directors on June 18, 1989. The standard was approved in the course of the activities of the AWWA Standards Committee on Carbon Dioxide. The purpose of ANSI/AWWA B510 is to cover carbon dioxide and not the design of carb

35、on dioxide handling facilities or methods of transfer of carbon dioxide to the water being treated. Design information may be found in Journal AWWA and in other publications, some of which are listed in Appendix A. Subsequent editions of this standard were approved on Jan. 22, 1995; June 11, 2000; F

36、eb. 12, 2006; and Jan. 22, 2012. This edition was approved on Jan. 20, 2018.I.C. Acceptance. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF International (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a cer

37、tification program for direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of the original consortium included the Water Research Foundation (formerly AwwaRF) Copyright 2018 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. ixand the Conference of State Health and Environmental Managers

38、 (COSHEM). The American Water Works Association (AWWA) and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) joined later.In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with, drinking water rests with individual states.*Local agencies may choose to impose

39、 requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate the health effects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state and local agencies may use various references, including two standards developed under the direction of NSF:NSF/ANSI60, Drinking Water Trea

40、tment ChemicalsHealth Effects, and NSF/ANSI 61, Drinking Water System ComponentsHealth Effects.Various certification organizations may be involved in certifying products in accordance with NSF/ANSI 60. Individual states or local agencies have authority to accept or accredit certification organizatio

41、ns within their jurisdictions. Accreditation of certification organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.Annex A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures,” to NSF/ANSI 60 does not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances not regulated by a USEPA fi

42、nal maximum contaminant level (MCL). The MALs of an unspecified list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity testing guidelines (noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens). Use of Annex A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier.ANSI/AWW

43、A B510 addresses additives requirements in Sec. 4.3 of the standard. The transfer of contaminants from chemicals to processed water or to residual solids is becoming a problem of greater concern. The language in Sec. 4.3.4 is a recommendation only for direct additives used in the treatment of potabl

44、e water to be certified by an accredited certification organization in accordance with NSF/ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects. However, users of the standard may opt to make this certification a requirement for the product. Users of this standard should consult the appropriate

45、 state or local agency having jurisdiction in order to1. Determine additives requirements, including applicable standards.2. Determine the status of certifications by parties offering to certify productsfor contact with, or treatment of, drinking water.3. Determine current information on product cer

46、tification.* Persons outside the United States should contact the appropriate authority having jurisdiction.NSF International, 789 North Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105.American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036.Copyright 2018 American Water Works

47、Association. All Rights Reserved. xII. Special Issues.II.A. Storage and Handling Precautions. Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorlessgas of high specific gravity. It is hazardous because it is an asphyxiant and can replace the ambient air, causing an oxygen deficiency. Carbon dioxide gas is physiolo

48、gically active and is ingested and exhaled by humans in low concentrations. Increasing exposure to elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide in air breathed results in an increased respiration rate. Carbon dioxide gas has been given an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) by the Occupational Safety and Hea