AWWA B604-2012 Granular Activated Carbon.pdf

1、 ANSI/AWWA B604-12 (Revision of ANSI/AWWA B604-05) AWWA Standard Effective date: June 1, 2012. First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors Jan. 28, 1974. This edition approved Jan. 22, 2012. Approved by American National Standards Institute March 27, 2012. 6666 West Quincy Avenue Advocacy Denv

2、er, CO 80235-3098 Communications T 800.926.7337 Conferences www.awwa.org Education and TrainingScience and TechnologySections The Authoritative Resource on Safe WaterGranular Activated Carbon SM Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. ii AWWA Standard This document is a

3、n American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally contained in specifi- cations. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluat

4、ed by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA publication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA stand

5、ards is entirely voluntary. This standard does not supersede or take precedence over or displace any applicable law, regulation, or codes of any governmental authority. AWWA standards are intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfact

6、ory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed on the first page of the Official Notice section of Journal - American Water Works Association. The action becomes effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal - American

7、Water Works Association publication of the official notice. American National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the

8、 general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. Ameri- can National St

9、andards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are encouraged to state on their own responsibility in advertising and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the goods are

10、 produced in conformity with particular American National Standards. Caution n oti Ce : The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at

11、 any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standar

12、ds Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036; (212) 642-4900, or e-mailing infoansi.org. ISBN-13, print: 978-1-58321-885-3 eISBN-13, electronic: 978-1-61300-143-1 ISBN-10, print: 1-58321-885-8 eISBN-10, electronic: 1-61300-143-6 All rights reserved. No part of this publication

13、 may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Copyright 2012 by

14、American Water Works Association Printed in USA Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. iii Committee Personnel The AWWA Standards Committee on Activated Carbon, which reviewed and approved this stan- dard, had the following personnel at the time of approval: David W. M

15、azyck, Chair General Interest Members R.G. Bond, Black & Veatch Corporation, Kansas City, Mo. (AWWA) W.B. Dowbiggin, CDM, Raleigh, N.C. (AWWA) D.J. Hartman, CH2M HILL, Blue Ash, Ohio (AWWA) D.R.U. Knappe, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C. (AWWA) D.W. Mazyck, University of Florida, Gaine

16、sville, Fla. (AWWA) T.J. McCandless,* Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. (AWWA) T.F. Speth, USEPA, Cincinnati, Ohio (AWWA) I.H. Suffet, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, Calif. (AWWA) R.S. Summers, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colo. (AWWA) M.A. Waer, Hatch Mott M

17、acdonald, Lakewood, Colo. (AWWA) Producer Members S.L. Butterworth, Calgon Carbon Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pa. (AWWA) H.E. Brown, Prescott, Ariz. (AWWA) J.L. Fisher, Fish Associates, Glenshaw, Pa. (AWWA) J.N. Gibson, Mead Westvaco, Covington, Va. (AWWA) D.M. Jordan, Siemens, San Francisco, Calif. (A

18、WWA) W.F. Naylor, NORIT Americas Inc., Marshall, Texas (AWWA) R. Potwora, Carbon Resources LLC, Oceanside, Calif. (AWWA) J. Sharpe, Standard Purification, Palm Beach Gardens, Fla. (AWWA) User Members J.A. Bella, Passaic Valley Water Commission, Clifton, N.J. (AWWA) T. Hayes, City of Phoenix, Phoenix

19、, Ariz. (AWWA) C.E. Stringer, Dallas Water Utilities, Dallas, Texas (AWWA) W.A. Vernon, Phoenix, Ariz. (AWWA) W.M. Wulfeck, Northern Kentucky Water District, Fort Thomas, Ky. (AWWA) * Liaison, nonvoting Alternate Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. This page intenti

20、onally blank. Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. v Contents All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this format may be found in a particular standard. SEC. PAGESEC. PAGE Foreword I. Introduction vii I.A. Background

21、. vii I.B. History vii I.C. Acceptance . viii II. Special Issues. . ix II.A. Storage and Handling Precautions. . ix II.B. Activated Carbon Dust ix II.C. Adsorptive Performance x II.D. Filter Media. . x II.E. GAC Size Distribution. xi II.F. Abrasion Resistance. xii II.G. Non-wettable . xii II.H. Reac

22、tivation . xiv III. Use of This Standard xiv III.A. Purchaser Options and Alternatives xiv III.B. Modification to Standard xv IV. Major Revisions. . xvi V. Comments . xvi Standard General 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 Purpose . 1 1.3 Application 1 2 References 2 3 Definitions . 2 4 Requirements 4.1 Materials . 3

23、4.2 Characteristics . 4 4.3 Impurities 5 5 Verification 5.1 Sampling . 5 5.2 Test Procedures . 7 5.3 Notice of Nonconformance . 18 6 Delivery 6.1 Marking 19 6.2 Packaging and Shipping 19 6.3 Affidavit of Compliance 21 Figures 1 Apparent density apparatus . 8 2 Stirring abrasion unit 12 3 Testing pan

24、 assembly for Ro-Tap abrasion test (not to scale) 14 4 Abrasion testing pan for Ro-Tao abrasion test (not to scale) 14 B.1 Sample determination of tannin extract by carbon adsorption . 29 Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. vi Tables F.1 Typical characteristics for

25、a range of GAC Products xiii 1 Sampling of bagged media* . 6 2 US standard sieves and opening sizes . 10 3 Sieving apparatus required for stirring abrasion test 11 4 Recommended particle sieve sizes 15 5 D ivalues for Ro-Tap abrasion test 17 6 Example Ro-Tap abrasion test 17 Copyright 2012 American

26、Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. vii Foreword This foreword is for information only and is not a part of ANSI*/AWWA B604-12. I. Introduction. I.A. Background. Activated carbon is a crude form of graphite that is produced by a carefully controlled oxidation process to develop a porous ca

27、rbon structure with a large internal surface area greater than 500 m 2 /g. This surface area gives the activated carbon the capacity to adsorb dissolved organic materials from water. The major raw materials used in the manufacture of granular activated carbons (GAC) include, but are not limited to,

28、peat, bituminous coal, coconut shells, wood, and lignite. During activation, the raw materials are either reacted at high tempera- tures in the presence of steam, or at more moderate temperatures in the presence of activation chemicals. The activation process first drives off volatile components fro

29、m the raw material, creating a fine porous structure, and then enlarges the pores, which creates the extensive internal pore structure required to obtain appreciable adsorption of organic chemicals. Water treatment with GAC is accomplished by percolating the water to be treated through fixed-bed ads

30、orbers containing GAC. The GAC may be crushed and screened to any particle size, but typical sizes used for water treatment range from No. 8 to No. 50 US standard sieve sizes. I.B. History. The first edition of ANSI/AWWA B604, Granular Activated Carbon, was approved by the AWWA Board of Directors on

31、 Jan. 28, 1974. Subsequent revisions to ANSI/AWWA B604 were prepared by the AWWA Standards Committee and approved on June 17, 1990, and June 23, 1996. The fourth edition of B604 was approved on Jan. 16, 2005. This edition was approved by the AWWA Board of Directors on Jan. 22, 2012. ANSI/AWWA B604 p

32、rovides information on preparing documents for the pur- chase of virgin GAC to be used as an adsorption medium and filtration/adsorption medium for the treatment of municipal and industrial water supplies. Powdered acti- vated carbon is covered in ANSI/AWWA B600, reactivated carbon is covered in ANS

33、I/ AWWA B605, and other filtering materials including anthracite coal are covered in ANSI/AW WA B100. * American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036. Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. viii This standard does not cove

34、r the design of activated carbon handling facilities or adsorption processes. Design information may be found in Journal - American Water Works Association and in other publications, some of which are listed in the bibliogra- phy (appendix A) to this standard. I.C. Acceptance. In May 1985, the US En

35、vironmental Protection Agency (USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF International (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a certification program for direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of the original consortium incl

36、uded the American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AwwaRF, now Water Research Foundation) and the Conference of State Health and Environmental Managers (COSHEM). The American Water Works Association and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) joined later. In the U

37、nited States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with, drinking water rests with individual states.* Local agencies may choose to impose requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate the health effects of products and drinking water additives from su

38、ch products, state and local agencies may use various references, including 1. An advisory program formerly administered by USEPA, Office of Drinking Water, discontinued on Apr. 7, 1990. 2. Specific policies of the state or local agency. 3. Two standards developed under the direction of NSF, NSF /AN

39、SI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects, and NSF/ANSI 61, Drinking Water System ComponentsHealth Effects. 4. Other references, including AWWA standards, Food Chemicals Codex, Water Chemicals Codex, and other standards considered appropriate by the state or local agency. Various certi

40、fication organizations may be involved in certifying products in accor- dance with NSF/ANSI 61. Individual states or local agencies have authority to accept or accredit certification organizations within their jurisdiction. Accreditation of certi- fication organizations may vary from jurisdiction to

41、 jurisdiction. Annex A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures,” to NSF/ANSI 61 does not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances not * Persons outside the United States should contact the appropriate authority having jurisdiction. NSF International, 789 North

42、Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48113. Both publications available from National Academy of Sciences, 500 Fifth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20418. Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. ix regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The MALs of an unspecifi

43、ed list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity testing guidelines (noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens). Use of annex A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier. ANSI/AWWA B604 does not address additives requirements. Users of thi

44、s stan- dard should consult the appropriate state or local agency having jurisdiction in order to 1. Determine additives requirements, including applicable standards. 2. Determine the status of certifications by parties offering to certify products for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water.

45、3. Determine current information on product certification. II. Special Issues. II.A. Storage and Handling Precautions. The following safety precautions should be exercised to minimize or eliminate hazards when handling and storing GAC. Wet activated carbon will readily adsorb oxygen from the air, cr

46、eating an acute oxygen depletion hazard in confined areas. Appropriate safety measures for oxygen-deficient atmospheres should be strictly adhered to when entering enclosed or partially enclosed areas containing activated carbon. GAC should be stored in a building or compartment that is as fire resi

47、stant as possible. Packaged GAC should be stacked in rows with aisles between them so that each package may be easily removed in case of fire. Nothing else should be stored in the same building or compartment with activated carbon. Strict precautions must be taken to avoid GAC contacting strong oxid

48、izing agents such as chlorine, hypochlo- rites, potassium permanganate, ozone, and peroxide. Mixing activated carbon with hydrocarbons (such as oils, gasoline, diesel fuel, grease, paint thinners, and so forth) may cause spontaneous combustion. Therefore, activated carbon must be kept separate from

49、hydrocarbon storage or spills. In case of an activated carbon fire, the safest procedure, if possible, is to place the smoldering material in a metal container and remove it from the building. An activated carbon fire may also be smothered by means of a very fine spray or mist of water from a hose or by a foam-type chemical extinguisher. A direct stream of water should not be used, as it will cause the smoldering particles to fly into the air and spread the fire. II.B. Activated Carbon Dust. Respiratory protection should be worn when bags of activated c