AWWA B701-2011 Sodium Fluoride.pdf

1、 ANSI/AWWA B701-11 (Revision of ANSI/AWWA B701-06) AWWA Standard Effective date: Oct. 1, 2011. First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors July 21, 1950. This edition approved June 12, 2011. Approved by American National Standards Institute July 12, 2011. 6666 West Quincy Avenue Advocacy Denve

2、r, CO 80235-3098 Communications T 800.926.7337 Conferences www.awwa.org Education and TrainingScience and TechnologySections The Authoritative Resource on Safe WaterSodium Fluoride SM Copyright 2011 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. ii AWWA Standard This document is an American

3、Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally contained in specifi- cations. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the u

4、ser of the standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA publication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is ent

5、irely voluntary. This standard does not supersede or take precedence over or displace any applicable law, regulation, or codes of any governmental authority. AWWA standards are intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfactory service

6、. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed on the first page of the classified advertising section of Journal AWWA. The action becomes effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal AWWA publication of the official notice. Amer

7、ican National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard

8、does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. Ameri- can National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned

9、to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are encouraged to state on their own responsibility in advertising and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the goods are produced in conformity with particular American National Standa

10、rds. Caution n oti Ce : The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reaff

11、irm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10

12、036; (212) 642-4900, or e-mailing infoansi.org. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quo

13、tations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Copyright 2011 by American Water Works Association Printed in USA Copyright 2011 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. iii Committee Personnel The AWWA Standards Committee on Fluorides, which reviewed and

14、approved this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval: David W. Heumann, Chair Gus Navar, Secretary General Interest Members F. Barker, Department of Public HealthRadiation Control Program, Dorchester, Mass. (NEWWA) K. Duchon, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta

15、, Ga. (USCDC) H.C. Liang, Denver, Colo. (AWWA) M.L. Magnant, Department of Public Health, Des Moines, Iowa (AWWA) C. Marcos, Northeast Pump Jan. 24, 1971; Jan. 28, 1978; Jan. 30, 1984; Jan. 29, 1989; Jan. 30, 1994; June 20, 1999, and Feb. 12, 2006. This edition was approved on June 12, 2011. * Ameri

16、can National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036. AWWA Manual M4, Water Fluoridation Principles and Practices, AWWA, Denver, Colo. Copyright 2011 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. viii I.C. Acceptance. In September 1985, the US Environmenta

17、l Protection Agency (USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF International (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a certification program for direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of the original consortium included the A

18、merican Water Works Association Research Foundation (AwwaRF, now Water Research Foundation*) and the Conference of State Health and Environmental Managers (COSHEM). The American Water Works Association (AWWA) and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) joined later. In April 1

19、990, USEPA formally withdrew its list of acceptable drinking water additives, and regulatory oversight of direct and indirect drinking water additives passed to the process developed by the consortium under the leadership of NSF. In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in

20、 contact with, drinking water rests with individual states. Local agencies may choose to impose requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate the health effects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state and local agencies may use various reference

21、s, including two standards developed under the direction of NSF, NSF /ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects (NSF/ANSI 60), and NSF/ANSI 61, Drinking Water System Components Health Effects (NSF/ANSI 61). NSF, in cooperation with ASDWA, does a biennial survey of the US states and C

22、anadian provinces/territories to determine which states and provinces/territories require by legislation, regulations, or policies that products and drinking water additives be evaluated by NSF/ANSI 60 and 61. Survey results from 2009 show adoption of NSF/ANSI 60 by 47 states and 9 provinces/territo

23、ries, and adoption of NSF/ANSI 61 by 46 states and 11 provinces/territories. Several organizations are accredited by national or international third-party agen- cies to certify products in accordance with NSF/ANSI 60. States, provinces/territories, local agencies and water utilities can determine wh

24、ich certification organizations are acceptable within their individual jurisdictions. Annex A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures,” to NSF/ANSI 60 does not stipulate a total allowable concentration (TAC) or a specific product allowable concentration (SPAC) of a contaminant for substances n

25、ot regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The TACs and SPACs of an unspecified list of * Water Research Foundation, 6666 W. Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO 80235. Persons outside the United States should contact the appropriate authority having jurisdiction. NSF International, 789 N.

26、Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105. Copyright 2011 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. ix “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity testing guidelines (noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens). Use of Annex A procedures may not always be identical,

27、 depending on the certifier. ANSI/AWWA B701 addresses additives requirements in Sec. 4.3 of the standard. The transfer of contaminants from chemicals to processed water or to residual solids is becoming a problem of greater concern. Sec. 4.3.3 recommends that material covered by this standard be cer

28、tified by an accredited agency for compliance with NSF/ANSI 60. As noted above, most states and provinces/territories require that direct additives be certi- fied to NSF/ANSI 60. A user of this standard should consult with the state, province/ territory, or local agency having jurisdiction for certi

29、fication requirements, but the user may require certification even in the absence of such a requirement by the agency having jurisdiction. II. Special Issues. II.A. Storage and Handling Precautions. Sodium fluoride chemicals must be stored in a clean, dry location that is well ventilated. Sodium flu

30、oride has a tendency to compact or cake when exposed to moisture, when bags are stacked too high, or during long periods of storage. Bags of sodium fluoride should be stored on pallets in stacks not more than six bags high. Sodium fluoride is hazardous if swallowed or inhaled in large amounts. Inges

31、- tion of 4 to 5 g of fluoride ion (F ) per 150 lb (69 kg) body weight may be fatal. The inhalation of sodium fluoride dust should be avoided. Protective safety gear should be worn when handling sodium fluoride. The following protective clothing and equip- ment should be the minimum available: 1. A

32、National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health/Mine Safety Health Administration (NIOSH/MSHA) approved, high-efficiency dust respirator (chemical mask) with a soft rubber face-to-mask seal and replaceable cartridges.* 2. Gauntlet neoprene gloves (12-in. 300-mm minimum glove length). 3. Heavy-

33、duty neoprene aprons. 4. Splash-proof goggles. Spills should be cleaned up immediately. Personnel should wash thoroughly after handling fluoride chemicals. For additional safety aspects, refer to material safety data sheets (MSDS) available from the chemical supplier or manufacturer. * NIOSH/MSHA ap

34、proval is given to various masks. Each brand is evaluated by NIOSH/MSHA for the proposed use and conditions. Available from the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226; or Mine Safety Health Administration, 4015 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22203. Copyright 2011 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.