AWWA C652-2011 Disinfection of Water-Storage Facilities.pdf

1、 ANSI/AWWA C652-11 (Revision of ANSI/AWWA C652-02) AW WA Standard Effective date: Oct. 1, 2011. First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors June 15, 1980. This edition approved June 12, 2011. Approved by American National Standards Institute July 12, 2011. 6666 West Quincy Avenue Advocacy Denv

2、er, CO 80235-3098 Communications T 800.926.7337 Conferences www.awwa.org Education and Training Science and Technology Sections The Authoritative Resource on Safe Water Disinfection of Water-Storage Facilities SM Copyright2011AmericanWaterWorksAssociation.AllRightsReserved. ii AWWA Standard This doc

3、ument is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specication. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally contained in speci- cations. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be e

4、valuated by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is specied by the user, the product or service is not fully dened. AWWA publication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA sta

5、ndards is entirely voluntary. This standard does not supersede or take precedence over or displace any applicable law, regulation, or codes of any governmental authority. AWWA standards are intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfa

6、ctory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an ofcial notice of action will be placed in the ofcial notice section of Journal AWWA. The action becomes effective on the rst day of the month following the month of Journal AWWA publication of the ofcial notice. American National Standa

7、rd An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any resp

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10、 The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reafrm, revise, or withdraw

11、this standard no later than ve years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036; (212) 642-4900, or e-m

12、ailing infoansi.org. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes

13、, without the written permission of the publisher. Copyright 2011 by American Water Works Association Printed in USA Copyright2011AmericanWaterWorksAssociation.AllRightsReserved. iii Committee Personnel e AWWA Standards Committee on Disinfection of Facilities, which reviewed and approved this standa

14、rd, had the following personnel at the time of approval: Betsy Reilley, Chair General Interest Members K.C. Choquette, Iowa Department of Public Health, Des Moines, Iowa (AWWA) D.J. Hartman,* Standards Council Liaison, Greater Cincinnati Water, Cincinnati, Ohio (AWWA) C.B. Hagar, Carollo Engineers,

15、Phoenix, Ariz. (AWWA) J.M. Henderson, West Linn, Ore. (AWWA) S. Vidika, Dixon Engineering Inc., Medina, Ohio (AWWA) J.S. Wailes, Black Hawk, Colo. (AWWA) T.W. Walker, New York State Department of Health, Victor, N.Y. (AWWA) M.L. Wentink, Nebraska DHHS DPH, North Platte, Neb. (AWWA) K.L. Mercer,* Sta

16、ndards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. (AWWA) Producer Members R.J. Gordhamer, Measurement Technologies Inc., Redmond, Wash. (AWWA) User Members T.F. Clark, Monroe County Water Authority, Rochester, N.Y. (AWWA) L.A. Hensley, Veolia Water Indianapolis LLC, Indianapolis, Ind. (AWWA) R.C. Lorenz,

17、 Westerville Water Plant, Westerville, Ohio (AWWA) T.W.D. MacDonald, Cambridge Water Department, Cambridge, Mass. (AWWA) P.M. Marchand, Providence Water Supply Board, Providence , R.I. (NEWWA) B. Reilley, Massachusetts Water Resources Authority, Southborough, Mass. (AWWA) E.D. Schwartz, New Jersey A

18、merican Water Hillsborough, N.J. (AWWA) J.L. Stapf, Hernando County Utilities, Brooksville, Fla. (AWWA) B.L. Whitteberry, Greater Cincinnati Water Works, Cincinnati, Ohio (AWWA) * Liaison, nonvoting Copyright2011AmericanWaterWorksAssociation.AllRightsReserved. is page intentionally blank. Copyright2

19、011AmericanWaterWorksAssociation.AllRightsReserved. v Contents All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this format may be found in a particular standard. Foreword I Introduction vii I.A Background. vii I.B History vii I.C Acceptance vii II Special Is

20、sues viii II.A Information on Application of is Standard. viii III Use of is Standard. x III.A Purchaser Options and Alternatives. xii III.B Modication to Standard xii IV Major Revisions. xii V Comments xii Standard 1 General 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 Purpose . 1 1.3 Application 2 2 References 2 3D e n i t i

21、o n s . 3 4R e q u i r e m e n t s 4.1 Materials and Cleaning . 4 4.2 Forms of Chlorine for Disinfection . 4 4.3 Methods of Chlorination. 5 4.4 Disinfection Procedures When Conducting Underwater Inspection and/or Cleaning of Potable-Water-Storage Facilities . 8 5 Verication 5.1 Water Quality Samplin

22、g and Testing 12 6 Delivery . 13 Appendixes A Chlorine Residual Testing . 15 B Chlorine Dosages 17 C Disposal of Highly Chlorinated Water 19 Tables B.1 Amounts of Chemical Required to Give Various Chlorine Concentrations in 100,000 gal (378.5 m 3 ) of Water. 17 B.2 Amounts of Chemical Required to Gi

23、ve a Chlorine Concentration of 200 mg/L in Various Volumes of Water 18 C.1 Amounts of Chemical Required to Neutralize Various Residual Chlorine Concentrations in 100,000 gal (378.5 m 3 ) of Water . 19 SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE Copyright2011AmericanWaterWorksAssociation.AllRightsReserved. is page intention

24、ally blank. Copyright2011AmericanWaterWorksAssociation.AllRightsReserved. vii Foreword is foreword is for information only and is not a part of ANSI*/AWWA C652. I. Introduction. I.A. Background. is standard describes methods of disinfecting water storage tanks. e disinfecting agents discussed in thi

25、s standard are chlorine solutions, and several combinations of free chlorine residual and contact time (CT) are provided. e chlorine solutions may be derived from liquid chlorine (Cl 2 ), calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl) 2 ), or sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). I.B. History. is standard was rst approved on

26、 June 15, 1980, under the designation ANSI/AWWA D105, Standard for Disinfection of Water Storage Facilities. e 1980 edition was developed from information originally contained in AWWA D102-64, modied to include disinfection of water-storage facilities constructed of steel or other materials. e stand

27、ard was redesignated ANSI/AWWA C652 with the 1986 edition. It was later revised in 1992 and again in 2002. is edition was approved by the AWWA Board of Directors on June 12, 2011. I.C. Acceptance. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a

28、 consortium led by NSF International (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a certication program for direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of the original consortium included the American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AwwaRF, now Water Re

29、search Foundation ) and the Conference of State Health and Environmental Managers (COSHEM). e American Water Works Association (AWWA) and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) joined later. In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with,

30、drinking water rests with individual states. Local agencies may choose to impose requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate the health eects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state and local agencies may use various references, including 1. A

31、n advisory program formerly administered by USEPA, Oce of Drinking Water, discontinued on Apr. 7, 1990. * American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036. Water Research Foundation, 6666 W. Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO 80235. Persons outside the United State

32、s should contact the appropriate authority having jurisdiction. Copyright2011AmericanWaterWorksAssociation.AllRightsReserved. viii 2. Specic policies of the state or local agency. 3. Two standards developed under the direction of NSF, NSF*/ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Eects, and

33、 NSF/ANSI 61, Drinking Water System ComponentsHealth Eects. 4. Other references, including AWWA standards, Food Chemicals Codex, Water Chemicals Codex, and other standards considered appropriate by the state or local agency. Various certication organizations may be involved in certifying products in

34、 accor- dance with NSF/ANSI 61. Individual states or local agencies have authority to accept or accredit certication organizations within their jurisdiction. Accreditation of certi- cation organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Annex A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures

35、,” to NSF/ANSI 61 does not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances not regulated by a USEPA nal maximum contaminant level (MCL). e MALs of an unspecied list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity testing guidelines (noncarcinogens) and risk characteriza

36、tion methodology (carcinogens). Use of Annex A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certier. ANSI/AWWA C652 does not address additives requirements. us, users of this standard should consult the appropriate state or local agency having jurisdiction in order to 1. Determine additi

37、ves requirements, including applicable standards. 2. Determine the status of certications by parties oering to certify products for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water. 3. Determine current information on product certication. II. Special Issues. II.A. Information on Application of is Stand

38、ard. Utilities are increasingly focusing on water storage reservoir management and maintenance as part of preserving distribution system water quality. Disinfection of water storage tanks presents special challenges due to the quantity of water that must be dealt with, the conditions of the water su

39、pplied to the tank, and the ability to collect representative samples of the water in the tank. Disinfection of tanks and other facilities used for drinking water relies on high levels of free chlorine to ensure bacteria and other potential pathogens are inactivated. * NSF International, 789 N. Dixb

40、oro Road, Ann Arbor, M 48105. Both publications available from National Academy of Sciences, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001. Copyright2011AmericanWaterWorksAssociation.AllRightsReserved. ix It should be noted that pH and temperature are two important factors aecting the disinfection proc

41、ess. Hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite are the two forms of chlo- rine present in water at pH greater than 3. Hypochlorous acid has been shown to be signicantly more eective than hypochlorite for disinfection. Above pH 9 there is essentially no hypochlorous acid, only hypochlorite. Temperature also

42、 aects the eec- tiveness of disinfection; low temperatures are not as eective as high temperatures for chlorine disinfection. e high chlorine dosages required in this standard are necessary to provide eective disinfection under varying conditions of pH, temperature, and other factors. Following disi

43、nfection and prior to activating the tank for use, water in the storage tank should be tested to determine that it meets expected parameters typical in the sys- tem. Consider especially the work done in the tank and appropriate parameters to mea- sure. Test results should conrm that the water qualit

44、y is appropriate for distribution. Although this assessment is unique for each system, suggested test parameters include pH, alkalinity, turbidity, odor, and specic conductance. If the tank was painted or if epoxy was applied, measuring levels of volatile organic compounds (VOC) or other components

45、of the coating material (such as zinc), may be necessary, noting that the trihalomethanes (THMs) chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochlorometh- ane, and bromoform, which are part of the VOC test, are a result of disinfection, not coating materials, and would be expected to be present. Satisfac

46、tory chlorine residual and coliform results are also required. When collecting samples for analysis of coliform or other parameters, it is impor- tant that the sample represent the water quality in the tank. Sample taps need to be clean and sanitary. In some cases, samples may need to be collected f

47、rom the top of the tank or hatch. When sampling from the top of the tank or hatch, use of a depth sam- pler may be benecial to best represent the quality of water that will enter the system. For bacteriological tests, the results of testing must show no coliform. Given the dierent test procedures av

48、ailable for coliform analysis, results should be expressed as “conrmed coliform” and should be 1 cfu/100mL, 1 MPN/100 mL, or “Absent.” While bacteriological testing in accordance with Section 5 is used to verify the absence of coliform organisms and is generally accepted as verication that acceptabl

49、e disinfection has been accomplished, following sanitary procedures during the course of all work is necessary to ensure the disinfected tank will be ready for activation. Disinfectants other than chlorine may be appropriate to use. While this standard describes only the use of liquid chlorine, sodium hypochlorite solutions, and calcium hypochlorite, the applicability of other disinfectants should be evaluated. Ozone and Copyright2011AmericanWaterWorksAssociation.AllRightsReserved. x chemical cleaner