AWWA M21-2014 Groundwater (Fourth Edition).pdf

1、1P3C 30042-RE (5/13) QG AWWA is the authoritative resource for knowledge, information, and advocacy to improve the quality and supply of water in North America and beyond. AWWA is the largest organization of water professionals in the world. AWWA advances public health, safety, and welfare by unitin

2、g the efforts of the full spectrum of the entire water community. Through our collective strength, we become better stewards of water for the greatest good of the people and the environment. Ideal crop marks Ideal crop marks Fourth Edition 1P5C 30021-4E (2/14) QG Dedicated to the worlds most importa

3、nt resource, AWWA sets the standard for water knowledge, management, and informed public policy. AWWA members provide solutions to improve public health, protect the environment, strengthen the economy, and enhance our quality of life. Manual of Water Supply Practices M21 Groundwater M21 T his revis

4、ed edition has been written to provide the reader with a general understanding of the principles involved with groundwater, its movement and character, and the subsequent impact these characteristics have on the design, construction, and maintenance of groundwater well systems for water utilities. T

5、he contents of this edition include two major changes from prior editions: the incorporation of the well construction standards formerly attached to Standard A100 Water Wells and sustainability of groundwater supplies in light of competition, lack of regulatory limitations, over drafting, and climat

6、e changes. This manual will provide operators and engineering staff with an understanding of groundwater principles that will help them to make decisions on design, installation, phasing, and repair needs when problems or the need to expand supplies arise. M21 Groundwater, Fourth EditionFourth Editi

7、on Manual of Water Supply Practices M21 Groundwater Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. Manual of Water Supply PracticesM21, Fourth Edition Groundwater Copyright 1973, 1989, 2003, 2014 American Water Works Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication

8、 may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Disclaimer The aut

9、hors, contributors, editors, and publisher do not assume responsibility for the validity of the content or any consequences of their use. In no event will AWWA be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of the use of information presented in this book.

10、In particular, AWWA will not be responsible for any costs, including, but not limited to, those incurred as a result of lost revenue. In no event shall AWWAs liability exceed the amount paid for the purchase of this book. Project Manager/Senior Technical Editor: Melissa Valentine Senior Manuals Spec

11、ialist: Molly Beach Senior Production Editor: Cheryl Armstrong Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bloetscher, Frederick.Groundwater / Frederick Bloetscher. - Fourth edition.pages cm - (AWWA manual ; M21)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-58321-964-5 (alk. paper)

12、1. Groundwater. 2. Wells. I. American Water Works Association. II. Title. III. Title: Ground water. TD403.B56 2014628.114-dc232013031069Printed on recycled paper Printed in the United States of America American Water Works Association 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235-3098 awwa.org ISBN: 978-

13、1-58321-964-5 eISBN: 978-1-61300-243-8 hours of work by your fellow water professionals. Revenue from the sales of this AWWA material supports ongoing product development. Unauthorized distribution, either electronic or photocopied, is illegal and hinders AWWAs mission to support the water community

14、. This AWWA content is the product of thousands of Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. iii Contents AWWA Manual M21 List of Figures, vii List of Tables, xi Foreword, xiii Acknowledgments, xv Chapter 1 The Occurrence and Behavior of Groundwater . . . . . . . . . . .

15、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Hydrologic Cycle, 2 Groundwater Concepts, 6 Major Conditions That Impact Groundwater, 10 Achieving Sustainability, 12 References, 13 Chapter 2 Evaluation of Groundwater Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16、. . . 15 Suitable Groundwater Supplies, 16 Locating Suitable Groundwater Supplies, 18 Monitoring Groundwater Quality, 27 Field Logistics and Documentation, 30 References, 33 Chapter 3 Groundwater Management and Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Int

17、roduction, 36 Regulatory Level Management, 36 Source Water Protection, 38 Management Strategies, 40 Contaminated Groundwater Management, 41 Regional Groundwater Management, 42 Groundwater Sustainability, 44 Future Groundwater Management, 49 References, 49 Chapter 4 Quantitative Evaluation of Wells .

18、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Aquifer Parameters, 51 Storage Coefficient, 64 Collection of Test Data, 67 Analysis, 67 References, 76 Chapter 5 WellsTypes, Construction, Design, and Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19、 . . . . . . . . . 79 Types of Wells and Their Construction, 79 Common Construction Components, 95 Well Design Procedure, 122 Sanitary Protection, 122 Well-Field Design, 123 Well Losses, 125 Radial-Well Yield, 127 Modeling Techniques, 127 References, 133 Copyright 2014 American Water Works Associati

20、on. All Rights Reserved. iv GROUNDWATER AWWA Manual M21 Chapter 6 Well Pumps and Pumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Pump Classifications, 137 Operating Conditions, 153 Pump Selection, 155 Electric Motor Select

21、ion, 158 Pump Installation, 158 References, 160 Chapter 7 Operations Problems, Well Plugging, and Methods of Correction . . . . . 161 Evaluating Well Performance, 162 Poor Well Performance, 163 Common Pump Operating Problems, 164 Physical Causes of Well Deterioration, 166 Sand Pumping, 168 Microbiol

22、ogical Fouling, 169 Treatment of Fouling Problems, 172 Economics of Cleaning Plugged Wells, 175 Case Studies, 178 References, 188 Additional Reading, 189 Chapter 8 Groundwater Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23、. . . . . 191 Chemicals in Groundwater, 191 Groundwater Contamination, 195 Chemical Contaminants, 197 References, 204 Chapter 9 Groundwater Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Aeration, 207 Oxidation, 209

24、 Softening and Ion Exchange, 211 Filtration, 215 Adsorption and Absorption, 217 Corrosion Control, 218 Disinfection, 221 Fluoridation, 222 Membranes, 222 References, 225 Chapter 10 Record Keeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Design and Construction Records, 227 Pump Data, 230 Well Acceptance and Pumping Test, 235 Monthly Pumpage , 235 Water Levels, 237 Water Temperature, 237 Specific Capacity, 237 Differential, 237 Well Maintenance, 238 Well Abandonment, 238 Records Filing and Mai

26、ntenance, 238 Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. v Contents v AWWA Manual M21 Chapter 11 Groundwater Recharge and Storage Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239 Underground Protection Criteria and Standards, 240 Aquifer Storage an

27、d Recovery, 241 Aquifer Reclamation, 247 Artificial Aquifer Creation and Recharge, 252 References, 258 Chapter 12 The Future of Groundwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Reference, 263 Glossary of Terms, 265 Index, 269

28、 List of AWWA Manuals, 279 Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. This page intentionally blank. Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. vii AWWA Manual M21 Figures1-1 Hydrologic cycle, 21-2 Evapotranspiration rates, 31-3 A comparison of E

29、T rates and rainfall in South Florida, 41-4 One-hour rainfall (inches) to be expected once on average in 25 years, 51-5 Average annual precipitation (inches) in the United States (19611990), 51-6 Water movement below the earths surface, 71-7 Geologic configuration of aquifers and confining beds, 81-

30、8 Groundwater movement as it relates to topography, 91-9 Development of a cone of depression, 91-10 Areas where land surface subsidence is an issue, 112-1 Schlumberger and Wenner electrode arrangements for measuring earth resistivity, 202-2 Application of seismic refraction method for reconnaissance

31、 mapping, 222-3 Single-point electrode arrangement for resistance and spontaneous potential logging, 252-4 Qualitative interpretation of a suite of geophysical logs, 272-5 Schematic of a multiple-completion monitoring well, 292-6 Graphic detail of a hydrogeologic cross section, 312-7 Predevelopment

32、groundwater contours showing potential contamination source downgradient, 322-8 Predevelopment groundwater contours showing predicted effects of ill-advised development, 323-1 Example of a surface activity that could affect groundwater through a leaky storage tank, 373-2 Broward County source water

33、protection zones, 393-3 Groundwater management factors, 413-4 Options to address contaminated aquifers, 423-5 Difference between average annual precipitation and potential ET rates, 453-6 Water deficit areas , 463-7 Water available for recharge throughout the United States, 463-8 Water-level decline

34、s, 474-1 Theoretical cube, 524-2 Definition of porosity, 534-3 Definition of specific yield and specific retention, 534-4 Definition of heads and gradients, 554-5 Example well location to be used in determining direction of groundwater movement and hydraulic gradient, 564-6 Steps in determining dire

35、ction of groundwater movement and hydraulic gradient, 564-7 Definition of hydraulic conductivity, 584-8 Hydraulic conductivity of selected rocks, 594-9 Definition of capillarity and unsaturated flow, 594-10 Determining capillary gradient from tensiometer measurements of hydraulic pressures, 61 Copyr

36、ight 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. viii GROUNDWATER AWWA Manual M214-11 Relation between degree of saturation and the ratio of saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity for coarse sand, 614-12 Definition of transmissivity, 634-13 Calculation of transmissivity usi

37、ng stream discharge, 644-14 Definition of storage coefficient, 654-15 Hypothetical test situationinfinite aquifer, 694-16 Hydrograph for observation well No. 1, 704-17 Drawdown test data superimposed on Theis-type curve, 724-18 Straight-line approximation of drawdown data analysis, 724-19 Hypothetic

38、al test situationaquifer bounded by impermeable barrier, 734-20 Effect of impermeable barrier shown on straight-line drawdown plot, 744-21 Hypothetical test situationaquifer bounded by recharging stream, 744-22 Effect of recharging stream shown on straight-line drawdown plot, 755-1 Dug well, 815-2 T

39、ypical cable-tool method of drilling to remove cuttings, 845-3 Rotary method of well drilling, 855-4 Down-hole hammer, hammer drilling, 865-5 Reverse-circulation rotary method, 875-6 Dual-rotary drilling, 885-7 Two phases of gravel-wall well constructiongravel envelope method, 915-8 Details of a rad

40、ial well, 925-9 Riverbank filtration using vertical wells, 945-10 Riverbank filtration using horizontal wells, 945-11 Scale of screen-opening sizes, 1035-12 Cross-sectional comparison of well walls, 1045-13 Details of cylindrical plummet, 1135-14 Suspension of the plummet using drill rig, 1135-15 Lo

41、ngitudinal projections of wall and constructed pump centerlines on northsouth and eastwest vertical planes, 1155-16 Graphic representation of requirements of plumbness in Figure 5-15, 1165-17 Graphic representation of requirements for alignment in Figure 5-15, 1165-18 Relationship between misalignme

42、nt diameter from Figure 5-15, effective diameter of the well, and inside diameter of the well, 1175-19 Type 1, 1185-20 Type 2, 1185-21 Type 3, 1185-22 Type 4, 1185-23 Type 5, 1195-24 Type 6, 1195-25 Type 7, 1195-26 Type 8, 1195-27 Type 9, 1195-28 Type 10, 1195-29 Type 11, 1205-30 Type 12, 1205-31 Ro

43、ssum sand sampler, 1215-32 Influence for various rates of pumping in an aquifer, 1245-33 Steps for model application, 129 Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. ix Figures AWWA Manual M216-1 Schematic illustrating total static head, 1366-2 Volute-type centrifugal pump,

44、 1446-3 Diffuser-type centrifugal pump, 1446-4 Plunger-type pump, 1466-5 Vertical deep-well turbine pump, 1486-6 Rotary-displacement pump, 1506-7 Rotary-gear pump, 1516-8 Airlift pump, 1526-9 Jet-type deep-well pump, 1537-1 Operating problems resulting from a drop in the water table, 1657-2 Lakos sa

45、nd separator, 1697-3 Well efficiency monitoring, Catamount well field, well No. 54, 1767-4 Example of well performance history, 1777-5 Example of corroded column pipe, 1807-6 Venice RO well construction after rehabilitation, 1828-1 Flow of contamination from a ponded surface source into an aquifer,

46、2049-1 Natural draft aeration system, 2089-2 Packed-tower aeration, 2099-3 Chlorine cylinders, 2109-4 Advanced oxidation processhydrogen peroxide with UV light are typical processes, 2119-5 UV light system, 2129-6 Typical silo for dry lime, 2139-7 Slaker system, 2149-8 Mixed with the raw water in so

47、me form of lime softening unit, 2149-9 Ion exchange system, 2159-10 Granular filtration, 2169-11 Pressure filters, 2169-12 Example of filter being backwashed, 2179-13 Typical membrane skids, 2249-14 How membranes work, 22410-1 Well design, 22810-2 Well drilling permit, 22910-3 Well completion report

48、, 23110-4 Well summary information, 23210-5 Pump data hydraulic data sheet, 23310-6 Pump data, turbine 60 Hz 23410-7 Monthly pumping report, 23510-8 Monthly operations report, 23611-1 ASR conceptual diagram for brackish water aquifers, 24211-2 Collier County, Fla., ASR project graph showing recovery

49、 efficiency improvement for each succeeding cycle, 24311-3 Schematic of Peace River ASR system, 24411-4 Cross section of the ASR system, 24411-5 Historical operation of the ASR wells, 24511-6 Cumulative volume in storage, 24611-7 Depletion of storage and the TDS of water, 246 Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. x GROUNDWATER AWWA Manual M2111-8 Results of a recent extended recovery period, 24711-9 Biscayne Aquifer reclamation water movement after injection, 24911-10 Biscayne Aquifer reclamation buoyancy movemen