AWWA M63-2015 Aquifer Storage and Recovery (First Edition).pdf

1、Manual of Water Supply Practices M63 Ideal crop marks Ideal crop marks First Edition M63Aquifer Storage and Recovery, First Edition M63 Aquifer Storage and Recovery 1P3.6C 30063 (5/15) IW Dedicated to the worlds most important resource, AWWA sets the standard for water knowledge, management, and inf

2、ormed public policy. AWWA members provide solutions to improve public health, protect the environment, strengthen the economy, and enhance our quality of life. www.awwa.org M 63, Aquifer Storage and Recovery provides a general under- standing of the principles of aquifer storage and recovery (ASR).

3、The manual discusses the concept, regulations as they are applied nationally and by state, basic design and development cri- teria, and presents results of an inventory of ASR well sites nation- ally. Both successful projects and ones that faced challenges are profiled. M63 provides management, oper

4、ations, and engineering staff with an understanding of ASR to help them make decisions on investigations and installations when problems or the need to expand supplies arise, as well as enough background to improve response to problems and challenges with existing projects. Chapters include: Groundw

5、ater Recharge and Storage Programs Regulatory Requirements Summary of ASR Programs in the United States Challenges for ASR Programs in the United States Planning and Construction of ASR Systems Operation and Performance Monitoring of ASR Wells Example ASR Programs in US ASR Versus Other Groundwater

6、Recharge and Storage ProgramsAquifer Storage and Recovery M63 Copyright 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.Printed on recycled paper Printed in the United States of America American Water Works Association 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235-3098 awwa.org hours of work b

7、y your fellow water professionals. Revenue from the sales of this AWWA material supports ongoing product development. Unauthorized distribution, either electronic or photocopied, is illegal and hinders AWWAs mission to support the water community. This AWWA content is the product of thousands of Man

8、ual of Water Supply PracticesM63 Aquifer Storage and Recovery Copyright 2015 American Water Works Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or

9、 retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Disclaimer The authors, contributors, editors, and publisher do not assume responsibility for the validity of the document or any consequences of its use. In no

10、 event will AWWA be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of the use of information presented in this book. In particular, AWWA will not be responsible for any costs, including, but not limited to, those incurred as a result of lost revenue. In no eve

11、nt shall AWWAs liability exceed the amount paid for the purchase of this book. Sr. Manager, Editorial, Development and Production: Gay Porter DeNileon Senior Manuals Specialist: Molly Beach Production: TIPS Technical Publishing, Inc. If you find errors in this manual, please email booksawwa.org. Pos

12、sible errata will be posted at www.awwa.org/resources-tools/resource.development.groups/manuals-program.aspx. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bloetscher, Frederick, author.Aquifer storage and recovery / Frederick Bloetscher. First edition.pages cm. (Manual of water supply practice

13、s ; M63)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-62576-104-01. Aquifer storage recovery-United States. I. Title. II. Series: AWWA manual ; M63.TD404.5.B55 2015628.13dc232015011138 ISBN-13 978-1-62576-104-0 eISBN-13 978-1-61300-340-4 Copyright 2015 American Water Works Association. Al

14、l Rights Reserved.iii AWWA Manual M63 Contents Figures, v Tables, vii Foreword, ix Acknowledgments, xi Acronyms, xv Chapter 1 Groundwater Recharge and Storage Programs.1 Artifical Aquifer Creation and Aquifer Recharge, 1 Aquifer Reclamation, 3 Aquifer Storage and Recovery, 3 References, 6 Chapter 2

15、Regulatory Requirements .7 Federal Regulations UIC, 8 Aquifer Exemptions, 10 Zones of Discharge, 12 Water Rights and Allocations by Rule, 12 Wellhead and Source Water Protection, 13 State Regulations for Injection Programs, 14 Use of Waters of Impaired Quality, 16 References, 17 Chapter 3 Summary of

16、 ASR Programs in the United States .19 ASR Sites in the United States, 19 Individual State ASR Systems, 23 References, 32 Chapter 4 Challenges for ASR Programs in the United States 33 Clogging, 33 Water Quality, 37 Low Recovery and Expectations , 40 References, 41 Chapter 5 Planning and Construction

17、 of ASR Systems .45 Plan of Study, 46 Feasibility Study, 47 Pilot-Testing Program, 49 Well Design, 50 Water Quality, 53 Well Construction, 54 Wellhead, 55 Well Acceptance and Pumping Test, 58 Storage Zone Development, 58 Design and Construction Records, 60 References, 61 Copyright 2015 American Wate

18、r Works Association. All Rights Reserved.iv AWWA Manual M63 Chapter 6 Operation and Performance Monitoring of ASR Wells 63 Data Management, 63 Other Operation and Performance Considerations, 69 Well Abandonment, 70 References, 71 Chapter 7 Example ASR Programs in US .73 Peace River ASR Project, 73 D

19、enver Basin ASR Project, 76 Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan Pilot, 78 Collier County, Florida, Project, 80 Memphis, Tennessee, Project, 82 Horry County, South Carolina, Projects, 83 Roseville, California, 84 Conclusions, 85 References, 86 Chapter 8 ASR Versus Other Groundwater Recharge and

20、 Storage Programs 87 Appendix A US ASR Systems .89 Appendix B Canadian ASR Experience .103 Glossary, 105 Bibliography, 111 Index, 125 AWWA Manuals, 129 Copyright 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.v AWWA Manual M63 Figures 1-1 (a) Aquifer recharge; (b) Aquifer recharge via fl

21、ooding, 2 1-2 (a) Biscayne Aquifer reclamation after start of injection; (b) Biscayne Aquifer rec- lamation water movement after injection; (c) Biscayne Aquifer reclamation water movement toward saltwater after injection; (d) Biscayne Aquifer reclamation water movement pushing isochlor line toward t

22、he ocean, 4 1-3 Aquifer storage and recovery conceptual diagram for brackish water aquifers where freshwater bubble creates mixing transition zone that increases with time, 5 2-1 Different classes of wells, 9 2-2 States with ASR-specific statutes or rules, 15 2-3 United States ASR projects from 1985

23、present, 16 3-1 Number of ASR sites by state, 20 3-2 Cumulative ASR sites by decade, 20 3-3 Sources of water used for ASR programs, 21 3-4 Uses of water recovered from ASR wells, 21 3-5 Injection horizon formation type, 22 3-6 Confining unit formation type, 22 5-1 Parts of the ASR well; assume cemen

24、ting between all casings for most ASR wells, 51 5-2 Casing material used in ASR wells, 51 5-3 Casing diameter of ASR wells, 52 5-4 TDS of the injection horizon for Florida wells that inject into brackish water, 55 5-5 Basic configuration for injection piping and withdrawal piping for submersible pum

25、p, 56 5-6 Basic configuration for vertical turbine pump (in test mode), 56 5-7 Basic configuration for injection piping and withdrawal piping for vertical turbine pump, 57 5-8 Components of a wellhead, 57 5-9 Number of cycles of injection/recovery per site, 60 6-1 Pump design curve and data, 66 6-2

26、The components of pumping-induced drawdown at a well related to aquifer hydraulics and well design, 68 7-1 Schematic of Peace River ASR system, 74 7-2 Cross section of the Peace River ASR system, 75 7-3 Injection and withdrawal cycles of Willow Water Districts Well 6, 19911995, 77 7-4 ASR injection

27、and recovery cycles for the Lake Okeechobee Project, 80 Copyright 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.This page intentionally blank. Copyright 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.vii AWWA Manual M63 Tables 2-1 USEPA classification system for injection we

28、lls (Adapted from 40 CFR 144.6), 9 6-1 Typical well and pump operational record form, 67 Copyright 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.This page intentionally blank. Copyright 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.ix AWWA Manual M63 M63, Aquifer Storage an

29、d Recovery, is a new addition to the Manuals of Water Supply Prac- tices produced by the American Water Works Association. This manual is the culmination of two years of effort by a subset of the members of the Groundwater Resources Commit- tee. M63 was written to provide the reader with a general u

30、nderstanding of the principles involved with aquifer storage and recovery (ASR). The contents of this manual focus on the concept, the general rules as they are applied nationally and by state, basic design cri- teria, and the results of an inventory of ASR well sites nationally. Most of these wells

31、 are used to store potable water, and as a result are intended to require only limited treatment prior to use in the water distribution system. At the same time, a quarter of the wells are currently inactive for a variety of reasons. The intention of the ASR subcommittee was to create a document tha

32、t provides a general overview, without the detailed mathematical analyses and equations that are available in many other groundwater textbooks and references, including M21, Ground- water, AWWA Standard A100 Water Wells, and the AWWA publication Siting, Drilling, and Construction of Water Wells (Blo

33、etscher et al. 2007). This manual will provide operators and engineering staff with an understanding of ASR that will help them make decisions on investigations and installations when problems or the need to expand supplies arise. ASR is a new frontier for many states and utilities. We do know that

34、aquifers and wells vary across the country, ASR does not work everywhere, and it is not a panacea for all water- supply issues. But ASR can be a useful tool in the utility managers toolbox. The scope of this manual is as follows: Chapter 1 is an overview of aquifer injection programs and how they ar

35、e differenti- ated from ASR systems. Chapter 2 is an overview of the rules set forth by the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) and the subsequent delegation of the enforcement authority to states. Because a number of states do not have underground injection control (UIC) primary enforcement authority, U

36、SEPA directly implements the UIC programs (including ASR wells) for these states. ASR rules change periodically so only an overview has been provided. Chapter 3 summarizes the experience in the United States with ASR, including locations and characteristics, with a much-improved expansion from previ

37、ous ASR surveys. Chapter 4 outlines the challenges of ASR projects, including metals leaching, plug- ging, and recovery issues. Chapter 5 outlines the basic guidelines for design and construction of ASR wells, with emphasis on the testing protocol and expectations that must be conveyed to the client

38、. ASR testing takes time (up to five years), so for ASR to be successful, implementation must be carefully considered and planned. Chapter 5 also outlines the evaluation methods and parameters for ASR wells, including: Aquifer parameters Transmissivity and storage coefficient Collection of test data

39、 Foreword Copyright 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.x AWWA Manual M63 Analysis Well design Well losses, yield, and modeling techniques are covered in detail in other publica- tions, including those mentioned previously, and are not covered in detail herein. Chapter 6 outli

40、nes issues associated with maintenance of ASR wells. Note, mainte- nance experience is limited because most wells are less than 20 years old. Chapter 7 details specific examples of ASR experiences, both successful and those facing challenges since overcoming the challenge is often more informative t

41、han the successes. Chapter 8 summarizes the manual and outlines how aquifer recharge can be accom- plished by other means. Aquifer recharge is expected to be a topic for a future manual. This manual should help operators and engineers gain enough background on the subject of ASR to improve their dec

42、ision making in the United States. M63 should help these professionals answer many questions about complex aquifer systems and improve their response to problems. The Groundwater Resources Committee is hopeful that this manual will meet the industry needs of the new millennium. Copyright 2015 Americ

43、an Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.xi AWWA Manual M63 The AWWA Technical & Educational Council, the Water Resource Sustainability Divi- sion, and the Groundwater Resources Committee gratefully acknowledge the contribu- tions made by those volunteers who drafted, edited, and provided the

44、 significant and critical commentary essential to developing M63. The Technical Review Board members dedicated many hours in the final review of this manual to ensure its overall technical quality, consistency, and accuracy. Technical Review Board Members Frank Getchell, Leggette Brashears & Graham

45、Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. Lindsey Geiger, American Water Works Association, Denver, Colo. Stephen A. Hubbs, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky. Albert Muniz, Hazen and Sawyer P .C., Boca Raton, Fla. Joseph M. Nattress, CH2M, Philadelphia, Pa. Susan Roberts, Vice Chair, Abengoa-Abeinsa, Ch

46、esterfield, Mo. Contributors Frederick Bloetscher, Chair, Florida Atlantic University, Hollywood, Fla. Fred M. Blumberg, ARCADIS U.S. Inc., San Antonio, Texas Richard E. Cowles, Malcolm Pirnie, Sarasota, Fla. Frank Getchell, Leggette Brashears & Graham Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. Jeffrey W. Henso

47、n, Black & Veatch, Kansas City, Mo. Stephen A. Hubbs, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky. Timothy P. Karlstrand, Carollo Engineers, Walnut Creek, Calif. Mark C. Lucas, CH2M, Fort Lauderdale, Fla. Bryan B. McDonald, CH2M, Gainesville, Fla. Albert Muniz, Hazen and Sawyer P .C., Boca Raton, Fla.

48、Joseph M. Nattress, CH2M, Philadelphia, Pa. Peter E. Petersen, Milwaukee Water Works, Milwaukee, Wis. Susan Roberts, Vice Chair, Abengoa-Abeinsa, Chesterfield, Mo. Laura L. Simons, New Jersey American Water, Voorhees, N.J. Kevin Spencer, R. W. Harden & Associates Inc., Austin, Texas Timothy M. Thomu

49、re, HDR Engineering, Phoenix, Ariz. This manual required the support of many individuals. These people provided data, information, or contacts: Bassad Ahmadi, Valley Water, Fresno, Calif. Randy Albright, R.G., L.H.G., Portland Water Bureau, Portland, Ore. Brian P. Austin, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wis. Steven G. Bayley, City of Tracy, Tracy, Calif. Marcel Belaval, USEPA Region I, Boston, Mass. Craig Boomgaard, USEPA Region 7, Denver, Colo. Acknowledgments Copyright 2015 American Water Works Associati