AWWA M65-2015 On-Site Generation of Hypochlorite (First Edition).pdf

1、Manual of Water Supply Practices M65 Ideal crop marks Ideal crop marks First Edition M65On-Site Generation of Hypochlorite M65 A s more water systems turn to safer alternatives to chlorine gas, the generation of hypochlorite on site has become increasingly common. On-Site Generation of Hypochlorite

2、(M65) presents the principles of on-site generation (OSG), the differences between low-strength and high-strength OSG systems, and the subsequent impact each of these systems has on design, construction, and maintenance for water and wastewater utilities. M65 provides operators and engineering staff

3、 with a basic understanding of how to design and install both low- and high-strength OSG systems, how they work, and how they compare with other popular forms of chlorine currently on the market. A cost analysis and an examination of how OSG affects disinfection by-product formation are also include

4、d. This manual should help operators, planners, management, and engineers improve their decision-making processes about OSG systems using a holistic risk management approach that considers not only triple-bottom-line approaches but also the specific regional situation when choosing a chlorination sy

5、stem. 1P5C 30065 (10/14) IW Dedicated to the worlds most important resource, AWWA sets the standard for water knowledge, management, and informed public policy. AWWA members provide solutions to improve public health, protect the environment, strengthen the economy, and enhance our quality of life.

6、On-Site Generation of HypochloriteIdeal crop marks Manual of Water Supply PracticesFirst Edition On-Site Generation of Hypochlorite M65 m65.indb 1 9/29/14 12:32 PM Copyright 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.Printed on recycled paper American Water Works Association 6666 Wes

7、t Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235-3098 awwa.org Manual of Water Supply PracticesM65, First Edition On-Site Generation of Hypochlorite Copyright 2015 American Water Works Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electron

8、ic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Disclaimer The authors, contributors, editors, and publisher do not assume responsibility

9、 for the validity of the content or any consequences of its use. In no event will AWWA be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of the use of information presented in this book. In particular, AWWA will not be responsible for any costs, including, but

10、 not limited to, those incurred as a result of lost revenue. In no event shall AWWAs liability exceed the amount paid for the purchase of this book. AWWA Manager, Product Acquisition and Development: David Plank AWWA Senior Manager, Editorial Development and Production: Gay Porter De Nileon AWWA Sen

11、ior Manuals Specialist: Molly Beach AWWA Senior Technical Editor/Project Manager: Martha Ripley Gray Cover Art: Cheryl R. Armstrong Production: Janice Benight Design Studio If you find errors in this manual, please email booksawwa.org. Possible errata will be posted at www. awwa.org/resources-tools/

12、resource.development.groups/manuals-program.aspx. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data On-site generation of hypochlorite. - First edition.pages cm. - (Manual of water supply practices ; M65)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978- 1 -6257 6-026-5 - ISBN 978- 1 -6 1300-

13、285-8 ( ebook ) 1 . Hypochlorinators. 2. W ater-Purification- Disinfecti on. 3 . Sew a g e- Purifi ca ti on-Disinfecti on. 4 . Sodi um h ypochl o ri te . I . Am eri can W a ter W o r ks Association. TD463.O525 2015628.1662-dc232014025401 Printed in the United States of America ISBN-13 9781625760265

14、eISBN-13 9781613002858 m65.indb 2 9/29/14 12:32 PM Copyright 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.iii Contents AWWA Manual M65 Ideal crop marks Figures, v Tables, vii Preface, ix Acknowledgments, xi Chapter 1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Chlorine: From Discovery to Commodity Chemical, 1History, Development, and Growth of OSG Technology, 3On-Site Generation Technology Now, 5References, 9 Chapter 2 Standards and Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16、 . . . . . . . . 11USEPA Safe Drinking Water Act and Relevant Rules, 12Chemical Safety and Security in the United States, 18International Standards and Regulations, 19Potable Reuse, 26Selecting Disinfectants, 27References, 28Endnote, 29 Chapter 3 Electrolytic Cell Reactions and Principles of Operati

17、on . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Brine Electrolysis Chemistry, 32Types of Electrolysis Systems, 38Electrolytic Cell Materials of Construction, 40Feedstock Quality Impacts on Cell Performance, 41Effects of Organic Contaminants in the Salt and Water, 49References, 51 Chapter 4 Inorganic DBP Formation in

18、 Hypochlorite Solution Generation and Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Inorganic Disinfection By-Products Overview, 54Inorganic DBP Formation in Bulk-Delivered Hypochlorite Solutions, 55Inorganic DBP Formation in Low- and H

19、igh-Strength OSG Solutions, 57Minimizing Inorganic DBP Formation, 60References, 61 Chapter 5 Overview of Commercially Available OSG Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Overview of DSA Electrode Cell Configurations, 64Low-Strength Sodium Hypochlorite (1215% NaOCl), 71On-Site Atmospheric Pressur

20、e Chlorine Gas, 76Chemical Supply and Quality: Salt, Water, and Other Required Chemicals, 76Summary of Chlorination Technology Attributes, 80References, 80Endnotes, 80 m65.indb 3 9/29/14 12:32 PM Copyright 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.AWWA Manual M65 iv Chapter 6 Design

21、 and Installation Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85General System Layout and Space Considerations, 86System Sizing, 88Salt and Sodium Hypochlorite Storage, 92Sodium Hypochlorite Metering, 97Considerations for the Mitigation of Hydrogen Gas, 99Ancillary Equipment

22、 Provisions and Design, 101Electrical Considerations, 103Instrumentation and Control (I a comprehensive review of international and national guidance and regulation with respect to OSG (chapter 2); the chemical reac- tions associated with the electrolysis of sodium chloride to produce hypochlorite o

23、n-site (chapter 3); recent information regarding inorganic disinfection by-products produced by OSG and bulk-delivered hypochlorite (chapter 4); overview of the commercially available OSG electrolytic cells and systems (chapter 5); design, installation, and maintenance con- siderations for both low-

24、 and high-strength OSG systems (chapter 6); utility experiences with OSG (chapter 7); and economic comparisons of three different hypochlorite options (chapter 8). Each chapter can be read independently; therefore, there is some limited rep- etition among the chapters to provide necessary background

25、 of important concepts or ref- erence to another chapter. Chapter 5 contains a summary table of chlorination technology attributes that pulls information from several of the proceeding chapters into one concise format. The index can be helpful in finding information on a subject of interest presente

26、d in different context throughout the manual. This manual is designed to provide operators and engineering staff with an under- standing of both low- and high-strength OSG systems and how they compare with other forms of chlorine currently available on the market. The manual should help operators, p

27、lanners, management, and engineers gain enough background on the subject of OSG systems to improve their decision-making processes using a holistic risk management approach that considers not only triplebottom-line approaches but also the specific regional situation when choosing a chlorination syst

28、em. The Disinfection Systems Committee is hopeful that M65 will meet the industry needs and will be a useful resource for a broad audience. As this is the first edition of AWWA Manual M65, On-Site Generation of Hypochlorite, the Disinfection Systems Committee and AWWA welcome comments and suggestion

29、s for improving future editions of this manual. Please send an email to AWWA at ETSsupportawwa.org or hard-copy correspondence to ETS, 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO 80235-3098 to provide feedback on the con- tents of this manual. Susan Rivera, Ph.D. Chair, M65 Subcommittee Preface m65.indb 9 9/29/14 12:32 PM Copyright 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.