1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 1377-2: 1990 Incorporating Amendment No. 1 Methods of test for Soils for civil engineering purposes Part 2: Classification testsBS1377-2:1990 This British Standard, having been prepared under the directionof the Road EngineeringStandards Policy Committee, was published undertheau
2、thority of Board of theBSI and comes into effect on 31 August 1990 BSI 11-1998 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference RDB/38 Draft for comment 88/10675 DC ISBN 0 580 17867 6 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this Britis
3、h Standard was entrusted by the Road Engineering Standards Policy Committee (RDB/-) to Technical Committee RDB/38, upon which the following bodies were represented: Association of Consulting Engineers British Civil Engineering Test Equipment Manufacturers Association County Surveyors Society Departm
4、ent of the Environment (Property Services Agency) Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment) Department of Transport Department of Transport (Transport and Road Research Laboratory) Coopted members Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date of issue Comments 9027 May 1996
5、 Indicated by a sideline in the marginBS 1377-2:1990 BSI 11-1998 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword ii 1 Scope 1 2 Definitions 1 3 Determination of moisture content 1 3.1 General 1 3.2 Oven-drying method 1 3.3 Method for saturation moisture content of chalk 3 4 Determ
6、ination of the liquid limit 4 4.1 General 4 4.2 Sample preparation 4 4.3 Cone penetrometer method (definitive method) 5 4.4 One-point cone penetrometer method 8 4.5 Casagrande apparatus method 9 4.6 One-point Casagrande method 11 5 Determination of the plastic limit and plasticity index 13 5.1 Gener
7、al 13 5.2 Sample preparation 13 5.3 Method for plastic limit 13 5.4 Derivation of plasticity index and liquidity index 14 6 Determination of shrinkage characteristics 14 6.1 General 14 6.2 Sample preparation 14 6.3 Volumetric shrinkage (definitive method) 15 6.4 Volumetric shrinkage (subsidiary meth
8、od) 18 6.5 Linear shrinkage 21 7 Determination of density 23 7.1 General 23 7.2 Linear measurement method 23 7.3 Immersion in water method 24 7.4 Water displacement method 26 8 Determination of particle density 28 8.1 General 28 8.2 Gas jar method 28 8.3 Small pyknometer method 29 8.4 Large pyknomet
9、er method 31 9 Determination of particle size distribution 32 9.1 General 32 9.2 Wet sieving method 32 9.3 Dry sieving method 36 9.4 Sedimentation by the pipette method 37 9.5 Sedimentation by the hydrometer method 42 Appendix A Typical test data and calculation forms 50 Figure 1 Details of cone for
10、 liquid limit test 7 Figure 2 Casagrande liquid limit apparatus 10 Figure 3 Grooving tool and height gauge 10 Figure 4 Shrinkage limit apparatus 15 Figure 5 Typical shrinkage curve 17BS1377-2:1990 ii BSI 11-1998 Page Figure 6 Apparatus for shrinkage limit test 20 Figure 7 Mould for linear shrinkage
11、test 22 Figure 8 Apparatus for determination of density by immersion in water 25 Figure 9 Apparatus for determination of density by water displacement 26 Figure 10 Minimum mass of sample required for particle size test 33 Figure 11 Sampling pipette for sedimentation test 37 Figure 12 Arrangement for
12、 lowering sampling pipette into soil suspension 38 Figure 13 Hydrometer for determination of fine particle size 43 Figure 14 Essential measurements for calibration of hydrometer 45 Table 1 Factors for one-point cone penetrometer liquid limit test 9 Table 2 Factors for one-point Casagrande liquid lim
13、it test 13 Table 3 Mass of soil sample for sieving 34 Table 4 Maximum mass of material to be retained on each test sieve at the completion of sieving 34 Table 5 Pipette sampling times and equivalent particle diameters 41 Table 6 Hydrometer test data 48 Table 7 Viscosity of water 49 Publications refe
14、rred to Inside back coverBS 1377-2:1990 BSI 11-1998 iii Foreword This Part of BS 1377 has been prepared under the direction of the Road Engineering Standards Policy Committee. It is a revision of clause 2 of BS1377:1975 which is superseded by amendment. BS 1377:1975 which has now been withdrawn is r
15、eplaced by the following Parts of BS 1377:1990: Part 1: General requirements and sample preparation; Part 2: Classification tests; Part 3: Chemical and electro-chemical tests; Part 4: Compaction-related tests; Part 5: Compressibility, permeability and durability tests; Part 6: Consolidation and perm
16、eability tests in hydraulic cells and with pore pressure measurement; Part 7: Shear strength tests (total stress); Part 8: Shear strength tests (effective stress); Part 9: In-situ tests. Reference should be made to Part 1 for further information about each of the Parts. The principal changes to the
17、classification tests as described in the 1975 edition are as follows. a) Additions Determination of the saturation moisture content of chalk. Determination of the liquid limit by a one-point cone penetration test. Determination of shrinkage limit. Determination of bulk density by direct measurement
18、of an undisturbed sample. Determination of particle density using a large pyknometer (preserving jar). b) Deletion The alcohol and sand bath methods for the determination of moisture content. c) Significant changes Use of the ISO recommended series of sieve aperture sizes has been introduced as an a
19、lternative to existing sieve aperture sizes. Procedures for fine particle size analysis by sedimentation have been amended. Pretreatment is not now mandatory, and the need for several corrections to test observations has been eliminated. The term “particle density” replaces “specific gravity”. For m
20、ost of the tests the normal requirement is to use the soil in its natural state without the need for drying before testing. It has been assumed in the drafting of this British Standard that the execution of its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people.BS1377-2:1990 i
21、v BSI 11-1998 A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This docum
22、ent comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages 1 to 64, aninside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on theinside front cover.BS1377-2:1990 BSI 11-1998 1 1
23、Scope This Part of BS 1377 specifies methods of test for the classification of soil and for the determination of basic physical properties. Most of these tests are required for the classification of soils in accordance with BS 5930:1981. Some of the properties determined by these tests are required
24、for tests described in other Parts of this standard. Reference should be made to Part 1 of this standard for general requirements that are relevant to all Parts of this standard, and for methods of preparation of samples for testing. NOTEThe titles of the publications referred to in this standard ar
25、e listed on the inside back cover. 2 Definitions For the purposes of this Part of BS 1377 the definitions given in BS 1377-1 apply. 3 Determination of moisture content 3.1 General Water is present in most naturally occurring soils. The amount of water, expressed as a proportion by mass of the dry so
26、lid particles, known as the moisture content, has a profound effect on soil behaviour. In this context a soil is “dry” when no further water can be removed at a temperature not exceeding 110 C. Moisture content is required as a guide to classification of natural soils and as a control criterion in r
27、ecompacted soils and is measured on samples used for most field and laboratory tests. The oven-drying method is the definitive procedure used in standard laboratory practice. NOTEIn some situations, for example in the field control of earthworks, a rapid method of measurement of moisture content may
28、 be required and a number of rapid methods are available, e.g. the sand bath method, the microwave oven-drying method and the calcium carbide method. It should not be assumed that these methods are appropriate for all soil types and when they are used on a particular soil some tests should also be c
29、arried out using the oven-drying method as a check. A procedure for determining the moisture content at full saturation of chalk is described. 3.2 Oven-drying method 3.2.1 General. This method covers the determination of the moisture content of a specimen of soil as a percentage of its dry mass. The
30、 requirements of Part 1 of this standard, where appropriate, shall apply to this test method. 3.2.2 Apparatus 3.2.2.1 A drying oven, capable of maintaining a temperature of 105 C to 110 C. NOTEA microwave oven should not be used for the determination of moisture content by the definitive method for
31、soils containing clay or organic matter because of the difficulty of ensuring that the temperature of the soil does not exceed 110 C before all the water is removed. Higher temperatures than this can alter the properties of clay material. 3.2.2.2 For fine-grained soils 3.2.2.2.1 A glass weighing bot
32、tle, fitted with a ground glass stopper or cap, or a suitable airtight corrosion-resistant metal container. 3.2.2.2.2 A balance readable to 0.01 g. 3.2.2.2.3 A desiccator containing anhydrous silica gel. NOTEIt is preferable to use self-indicating silica gel as the desiccant. Calcium chloride should
33、 not be used as it is known that many clays when oven dry are capable of absorbing water from it. 3.2.2.3 For medium-grained soils 3.2.2.3.1 A corrosion-resistant container of about500 g capacity. 3.2.2.3.2 A balance readable to 0.1 g. 3.2.2.3.3 A scoop of suitable size. 3.2.2.4 For coarse-grained s
34、oils 3.2.2.4.1 A corrosion-resistant container of about4kg capacity. 3.2.2.4.2 A balance readable to 1 g. 3.2.2.4.3 A scoop of suitable size. 3.2.3 Procedure 3.2.3.1 For fine-grained soils 3.2.3.1.1 Clean and dry the weighing bottle or metal container and weigh it to the nearest 0.01 g (m 1 ). Take
35、a sample of at least 30 g of soil, crumble and place loosely in the container or weighing bottle, and replace the lid or stopper. Then weigh the container or bottle and contents to the nearest 0.01 g (m 2 ). 3.2.3.1.2 Remove the lid or stopper, and place the container or bottle with its lid and cont
36、ents in the oven and dry at 105 C to 110 C. The period required for drying will vary with the type of soil and the size of sample but the sample shall be deemed to be dry when the differences in successive weighings of the cooled sample (see 3.2.3.1.3 and3.2.3.1.4) at intervals of 4 h do not exceed
37、0.1% of the original mass of the sample. Do not replace the lid or stopper while the sample is in the oven. NOTE 1Certain soils contain gypsum which on heating loses its water of crystallization. The moisture content determined by this method will be affected by approximately 0.2% for each 1% of gyp
38、sum. If it is suspected that gypsum is present in the soil the mosture content samples should be dried at no more than 80 C and possibly for a longer time. The presence of gypsum can be identified by heating a small quantity of soil on a metal plate. Grains of gypsum will turn white within a few min
39、utes, whereas most other mineral grains remain unaltered.BS1377-2:1990 2 BSI 11-1998 NOTE 2Between 16 h and 24 h is usually a sufficient length of time for drying most soils, but certain soil types and large or very wet samples will require longer. The drying time will also depend on the amount of m
40、aterial in the oven and may be confirmed by trial tests. 3.2.3.1.3 After drying, remove the container or bottle and contents from the oven and place the whole in the desiccator to cool. NOTEIf the lids of the containers fit well and it is unlikely that the samples are to be left for a considerable t
41、ime before weighing, the samples need not be placed in the desiccator to cool, unless glass weighing bottles with ground glass stoppers have been used. 3.2.3.1.4 Replace the lid and then weigh the container or bottle and contents to the nearest0.01g (m 3 ). 3.2.3.2 For medium-grained soils 3.2.3.2.1
42、 Clean and dry the container and weigh it to the nearest 0.1 g (m 1 ). Take a sample of at least300 g of soil, crumble and place loosely in the container, and replace the lid. Then weigh the container and contents to the nearest 0.1 g (m 2 ). 3.2.3.2.2 Remove the lid and place the container and cont
43、ents in the oven and dry at 105 C to 110 C (seenote 1 to 3.2.3.1.2). The period required for drying will vary with the type of soil, the size of sample and the number of samples in the oven but the sample shall be deemed to be dry when the differences in successive weighings of the cooled sample (se
44、e 3.2.3.2.3 and 3.2.3.2.4) at intervals of4h do not exceed 0.1% of the original mass of the soil (see note 2 to 3.2.3.1.2). Do not replace the lid while the sample is in the oven. 3.2.3.2.3 After drying, replace the lid and allow the whole to cool. 3.2.3.2.4 Weigh the container and contents to the n
45、earest 0.1 g (m 3 ). 3.2.3.3 For coarse-grained soils 3.2.3.3.1 Clean and dry the container and weigh it to the nearest 1 g (m 1 ). Take a sample of at least3kg of soil, place loosely in the container and replace the lid. Weigh the container and contents to the nearest 1 g (m 2 ). 3.2.3.3.2 Remove t
46、he lid and place the container and contents in the oven and dry at 105 C to 110 C (seenote 1 to 3.2.3.1.2). The period for drying will vary with the type of soil and the size of the sample but the sample shall be deemed to be dry when the differences in successive weighings of the cooled sample (see
47、 3.2.3.3.3 and 3.2.3.3.4) at intervals of4h do not exceed 0.1% of the original mass of the soil (see note 2 to 3.2.3.1.2). Do not replace the lid while the sample is in the oven. 3.2.3.3.3 After drying, replace the lid and allow the whole to cool. 3.2.3.3.4 Weigh the container and contents to the ne
48、arest 1 g (m 3 ). 3.2.4 Calculations and expression of results (Seeform 2.A of appendix A.) Calculate the moisture content of the soil specimen, w, as a percentage of the dry soil mass to the nearest0.1%, from the equation: where m 1 is the mass of container (in g); m 2 is the mass of container and
49、wet soil (in g); m 3 is the mass of container and dry soil (in g). NOTE 1If the moisture content is to be related to the Atterberg limits, e.g. for determining the liquidity index, and the soil contains material retained on a 425 m sieve, the measured moisture content, w (in%), can be corrected to give the equivalent moisture content, w a(in%), of the fraction passing the 425 m sieve, using the equation: where P ais the percentage by dry mass of the portion of the soil sample passing the 425 m test siev
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