1、BRITISH STANDARDBS 1377-9: 1990Incorporating Amendments Nos. 1 and 2Methods of test forSoils for civil engineering g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g4
2、3g55g3g47g36g58purposes Part 9: In-situ testsICS 93.020 unty Surveyors Societypartment of the Environment (Property Services Agency)BS 1377-9:1990Committees responsible for this British StandardThEngineering RDAssociatioBriCoDeThis British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Ro
3、ad EngineerinStandards Policy Committee, was published under the authority of the Board of the BSI and comes into effect on 31 August 1990 BSI 2007The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard:Committee reference RDB/38Draft for comment 88/10677 DCISBN 978 0 580 59295 9Department
4、of the Environment (Building Research Establishment)g Department of TransportDepartment of Transport (Transport and Road Research Laboratory)Co-opted membersAmendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date of issue Comments8264 January 199517229 31 July 2007 Indicated by a sideline in the margine pr
5、eparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Road Standards Policy committee (RDB/-) to Technical committee B/38, upon which the following bodies were represented:n of consulting Engineerstish Civil Engineering Test Equipment Manufacturers AssociationBS 1377-9:1990 BSI 2007ContentsPageCom
6、mittees responsible Inside front coverForeword iii1Scope 12 In-situ density tests 12.0 Introduction 12.1 Sand replacement method suitable for fine- and medium-grained soils (small pouring cylinder method) 12.2 Sand replacement method suitable for fine-, medium- and coarse-grained soils (large pourin
7、g cylinder method) 32.3 Water replacement method suitable for coarse-grained soils 62.4 Core cutter method for cohesive soils free from coarse-grained material 92.5 Nuclear methods suitable for fine-, medium- and coarse-grained soils 103 In-situ penetration tests 183.0 Introduction 183.1 Determinati
8、on of the penetration resistance using the fixed 60 cone and friction sleeve (static cone penetration test CPT) 183.2 Determination of the dynamic probing resistance using the 90 cone (dynamic probing DP) 223.3 Determination of the penetration resistance using the split-barrel sampler (the standard
9、penetration test SPT) 234 In-situ vertical deformation and strength tests 234.0 Introduction 234.1 Determination of the vertical deformation and strength characteristics of soil by the plate loading test 234.2 Determination of the settlement characteristics of soil for lightly loaded foundations by
10、the shallow pad maintained load test 274.3 Determination of the in-situ California Bearing Ratio (CBR) 294.4 Determination of the in-situ vane shear strength of weak intact cohesive soils 325 In-situ corrosivity tests 345.0 Introduction 345.1 Determination in-situ of the apparent resistivity of soil
11、 345.2 Determination in-situ of the redox potential of soil 35Appendix A Typical test data and calculation forms 55Figure 1 Small pouring cylinder for the determination of the density of fine- and medium-grained soils 39Figure 2 Scraper for levelling surface of soil 40Figure 3 Calibrating container
12、for use with the small pouring cylinder 41Figure 4 Large pouring cylinder for the determination of the density of fine-, medium- and coarse-grained soils 42Figure 5 Calibrating container for use with large pouring cylinder 43Figure 6 Core-cutter apparatus for soil density determination 44Figure 7 Mo
13、des of operation of nuclear surface density and moisture gauges 45iBS 1377-9:1990iiPageFigure 8 Examples of penetrometer tips with and without a friction sleeve 46Figure 9 Permitted tolerances, including allowances for wear, surface finish and typical manufacturing dimensions for the standard cone f
14、or the cone penetration test 47Figure 10 Permitted tolerances, including allowances for wear, surface finish and typical manufacturing dimensions for the standard friction sleeve for the cone penetration test 48Figure 11 Alternative forms of 90 cone for dynamic probing 48Figure 12 Split-barrel sampl
15、er assembly 49Figure 13 Typical arrangement for in-situ CBR test apparatus 50Figure 14 Typical CBR test results curves 51Figure 15 Force-penetration curves for a CBR value of 100 % and other CBR values 52Figure 16 Typical arrangements for in-situ vane test apparatus 53Figure 17 Typical borehole vane
16、 and rod mounting 54Figure 18 Typical vane protecting shoe 54Publications referred to Inside back cover BSI 2007BS 1377-9:1990 BSI 2007ForewordThis Part of BS 1377 has been prepared under the direction of the Road Engineering Standards Policy Committee. It is a revision of the in-situ test methods d
17、escribed in BS 1377:1975 which are superseded by amendment.NOTE Amendment 2 to this standard removes text superseded by BS EN ISO 22476-2 and BS EN ISO 22476-3, and makes reference to the relevant standard for each affected subclause.BS 1377:1975 which has now been withdrawn is replaced by the follo
18、wing Parts of BS 1377:1990: Part 1: General requirements and sample preparation; Part 2: Classification tests; Part 3: Chemical and electro-chemical tests; Part 4: Compaction-related tests; Part 5: Compressibility, permeability and durability tests; Part 6: Consolidation and permeability tests in hy
19、draulic cells and with pore pressure measurement; Part 7: Shear strength tests (total stress); Part 8: Shear strength tests (effective stress); Part 9: In-situ tests.Regarding the in-situ test methods in BS 1377:1975, all have been retained except Test 15(C), determination of the dry density of fine
20、-, medium- and coarse-grained soils by the hand scoop method. Regarding Test 15(C), a new test for coarse-grained soils has been substituted, based on a water replacement method that provides a more reliable result. With Test 19, determination of the penetration resistance using the split-barrel sam
21、pler, the method has been revised to conform more closely to international practice.In addition to the change in the method for determining the density of coarse-grained soils, referred to above, the opportunity has been taken to add other test methods as follows:Determination of the in-situ bulk de
22、nsity and moisture content of fine-, medium- and coarse-grained soils by attenuation of gamma rays and moderation of neutrons respectively.Determination of the penetration resistance using the fixed 60 cone and friction sleeve (the static cone penetration test CPT).Determination of the dynamic probi
23、ng resistance using the 90 cone (dynamic probing DP).Determination of the vertical deformation and strength characteristics of soil by the plate loading test.Determination of the settlement characteristics of soil for lightly loaded foundations by the shallow pad maintained load test.Determination o
24、f the in-situ California Bearing Ratio (CBR).Determination of the in-situ apparent resistivity of soil.Determination of the in-situ redox potential of soil.In each of the test methods the measurement of only one value of the overall result is required. It is recognized that it is necessary in many p
25、ractical applications to make a number of tests in order to obtain a mean value and an indication of its reliability. Guidance on the number of measurements required and the treatment of the results obtained is regarded as being beyond the scope of this Part of the standard.Consideration was given t
26、o the inclusion of a test method for pressure meters but it was decided that it would be restrictive at this stage to formulate a standard.iiiBS 1377-9:1990 ivTypical forms are included for a number of the test methods to illustrate how the results may conveniently be recorded and calculated. The la
27、yout of such forms is a matter of individual preference. This information is given in Appendix A.It has been assumed in the drafting of this British Standard that the execution of its provisions is entrusted to appropriately experienced people, for whose guidance it has been prepared.A British Stand
28、ard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside front
29、 cover, pages i to iv, pages 1 to 62, an inside back cover and a back cover.This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on General information relevant to the tests and common specification requirements a
30、pplicable to a number of tests are given in Part 1 of this standard. Reference should always be made to this Part for any particular in-situ test method. For general information on site investigation procedures, especially with regard to safety precautions, reference should be made to BS 5930:1981.
31、BSI 2007the inside front cover.BS 1377-9:1990 1 ScopeThis Part of BS 1377 describes in-situ methods of test on soils for civil engineering purposes, i.e. tests made directly on the soil in place as distinct from laboratory tests, described in Parts 2 to 8 of this standard, for which samples first ne
32、ed to be taken. The methods described in this Part of this standard have been arranged in groups either according to the purpose of the test or the mode of execution. These groups are as follows.a) Five methods for the determination of the in-situ density.b) Three methods for the determination of pe
33、netration resistances.c) Four methods for the determination of the vertical deformation and strength characteristics.d) Two methods for the determination of the in-situ corrosivity characteristics.NOTE The titles of the publications referred to in this standard are listed on the inside back cover.2
34、In-situ density tests2.0 IntroductionThis clause specifies five methods for determining the in-situ density of soil, four of which use the direct measurements of mass and volume, the choice of which depends upon the type of material, and one method uses gamma rays. The last named also includes the m
35、easurement of moisture content with nuclear gauges that combine both facilities.2.1 Sand replacement method suitable for fine- and medium-grained soils (small pouring cylinder method)2.1.1 General. This method covers the determination in-situ of the density of natural or compacted fine- and medium-g
36、rained soils for which a 115 mm diameter sand-pouring cylinder is used in conjunction with replacement sand (see note 1). The method is applicable to layers not exceeding 150 mm in thickness (see note 2).NOTE 1 With granular materials having little or no cohesion particularly when they are wet, ther
37、e is a danger of errors in the measurement of density by this method. These errors are caused by the slumping of the sides of the excavated density hole and always result in an over-estimation of the density.NOTE 2 For layers between 150 mm and 250 mm in thickness the test described in 2.2 should be
38、 used.The requirements of Part 1 of this standard, where appropriate, shall apply to the test methods described in this clause.2.1.2.2 Suitable tools for excavating holes in soil, e.g. a bent spoon dibber and a scraper tool, similar to that shown in Figure 2, to make a level surface.2.1.2.3 Cylindri
39、cal, metal, calibrating container, with an internal diameter of 100 2 mm and an internal depth of 150 3 mm of the type illustrated in Figure 3, fitted with a lip 50 mm wide and about 5 mm thick surrounding the open end.2.1.2.4 Balance, readable to 1 g.2.1.2.5 Glass plate, a convenient size being one
40、 at least 10 mm thick and about 500 mm square.2.1.2.6 Metal tray or container to take excavated soil, a convenient size being one about 300 mm in diameter and about 40 mm deep.2.1.2.7 A cylindrical, steel core cutter (for fine-grained cohesionless soils), 130 mm long and 100 2 mm internal diameter,
41、with a wall thickness of 3 mm bevelled at one end. One suitable type is illustrated in Figure 6. This cutter shall be kept lightly greased.2.1.2.8 Apparatus for moisture content determination as specified in BS 1377-2:1990.2.1.2.9 A metal tray about 300 mm square and about 40 mm deep with a 100 mm d
42、iameter hole in the centre.2.1.3 Material. The replacement sand shall be a clean closely graded silica sand which provides a bulk density that is reasonably consistent. The grading of the sand shall be such that 100 % passes a 600 m test sieve and 100 % is retained on the 63 m test sieve. In additio
43、n it shall be free from flakey particles, silt, clay and organic matter. Before using, it shall have been oven dried and stored in a loosely covered container to allow its moisture content to reach equilibrium with atmospheric humidity.NOTE Generally a storage period, after oven drying, of about 7 d
44、ays is sufficient for the moisture content of the sand to reach equilibrium with the atmospheric humidity. The sand should be mixed thoroughly before use. If sand is salvaged from holes in compacted soils after carrying out this test, it should be sieved, dried and stored again before it is used in
45、further sand replacement tests.2.1.4 Calibrations2.1.4.1 Determination of the mass of sand in the cone of the pouring cylinder2.1.4.1.1 Fill the pouring cylinder so that the level of the sand in the cylinder is within about 15 mm of the top. Find its total initial mass, m1, to the nearest 1 g and al
46、ways use the same initial mass for every calibration. Maintain this constant BSI 2007 12.1.2 Apparatus2.1.2.1 A pouring cylinder, similar in detail to that shown in Figure 1.throughout the tests for which the calibration is used. Allow a volume of sand equivalent to that of the excavated hole in the
47、 soil (or equal to that of the calibrating container) to run out.BS 1377-9:1990Close the shutter on the pouring cylinder and place the cylinder on a plane surface, e.g. the glass plate.2.1.4.1.2 Open the shutter on the pouring cylinder and allow sand to run out. Do not tap or otherwise vibrate durin
48、g this period. When no further movement of sand takes place in the cylinder, close the shutter and remove the cylinder carefully.2.1.4.1.3 Collect the sand on the glass plate that had filled the cone of the pouring cylinder and determine its mass, m2, to the nearest 1 g.2.1.4.1.4 Repeat these measur
49、ements at least three times and calculate the mean value of m2.2.1.4.2 Determination of the bulk density of the sand (a)2.1.4.2.1 Determine the internal volume, V (in mL), of the calibrating container.NOTE The following method for determining the volume of the calibrating container has been found both convenient and accuratePlace the empty container on the flat pan of the balance, ensuring that the upper rim of the container is horizontal, if necessary by embedding the base in modelling clay or similar material. Note the mas
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