BS 3618-6-1972 Glossary of mining terms - Drilling and blasting《采掘术语 第6部分 钻探和爆破》.pdf

1、BRITISH STANDARD BS3618-6: 1972 Glossary of Mining terms Section6: Drilling and blastingBS3618-6:1972 This BritishStandard, having been approved by the Mining andQuarrying Requisites Industry Standards Committee,was published underthe authority of the Executive Board on 30 March1972 BSI12-1999 First

2、 published August1964 First revision March1972 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference MQE/17 Draft for approval71/41397 ISBN 580 06839 0 Co-operating organizations The Mining and Quarrying Requisites Industry Standards Committee, under whose supervision

3、 this BritishStandard was prepared, consists of representatives from the following Government department and scientific and industrial organizations: Association of Mining Electrical and Mechanical Engineers* British Electrical and Allied Manufacturers Association British Steel Industry Council of U

4、nderground Machinery Manufacturers Department of Trade and Industry* Engineering Equipment Users Association Federation of Manufacturers of Construction Equipment and Cranes Institute of Quarrying Institution of Mechanical Engineers Institution of Mining Engineers* National Coal Board* The Governmen

5、t department and industrial organizations marked with an asterisk in the above list, together with the following, were directly represented on the committee entrusted with the preparation of this BritishStandard: Institution of Mining and Metallurgy University of Birmingham University of London Univ

6、ersity of Nottingham Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsBS3618-6:1972 BSI 12-1999 i Contents Page Co-operating organizations Inside front cover Foreword ii Glossary 1 Figure 1 The burn cut 9 Figure 2 The cone cut 10 Figure 3 The drag cut 11 Figure 4 The fan cut 12 Figure 5 The

7、 pyramid cut 13 Figure 6 The wedge cut 14BS3618-6:1972 ii BSI 12-1999 Foreword This glossary has been prepared, under the authority of the Mining and Quarrying Requisites Industry Standards Committee, in order to standardize and to co-ordinate the technical terms in current use in mining in theUnite

8、dKingdom. Although the majority of the terms defined in the original edition of this glossary were primarily concerned with coal mining, account has been taken of terms used in other forms of mining and of quarrying. The need for this glossary arose from the widely varying interpretation of terms us

9、ed within the industry, and the prevalent use of more than one synonym, some purely local in origin, to indicate specific meanings. The glossary has been issued in a number of sections, according to subject matter, as follows: Section1: Planning and surveying; Section2: Ventilation; Section3: Boring

10、 and exploration; Section4: Drainage; Section5: Geology; Section6: Drilling and blasting; Section7: Electrical engineering and lighting; Section8: Winning and working; Section9: Shafts and associated equipment; Section10: Transport; Section11: Strata control. In the normal process of periodical revi

11、ew of the BS3618 publications it was seen that a number of modifications and additions were desirable to Section6, “Drilling and blasting”; therefore, since the edition was dated1964, it was decided to publish a revision incorporating these changes. In compiling the glossary account has been taken o

12、f the fact that terms primarily associated with coal are separately defined in BS3323, “Glossary of coal terms”, and terms relating to coal preparation are defined in BS3552, “Glossary of terms used in coal preparation”. The following factors also have applied in the statement, selection and definit

13、ion of terms: 1) Where two or more terms are grouped together, the term which is favoured is printed first and in heavy type. It is hoped that such preferred terms will gradually displace the non-preferred terms. The non-preferred terms of a group are printed in small capital letters. Where the use

14、of any term is considered to be undesirable it is marked deprecated. 2) Generally, only terms which have a specific meaning in this field have been included. Where a technical term has an accepted meaning in other fields of engineering it has been omitted; the few exceptions are terms which are of p

15、articular importance in mining. 3) Purely local terms are not defined, but those of sufficient importance are included as non-preferred terms. 4) Obsolete terms are excluded. The subject of soil mechanics is not covered by this standard and, for terms in that field, reference should be made to CP200

16、1, “Site investigations”, and CP2003, “Earthworks”.BS3618-6:1972 BSI 12-1999 iii A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself

17、confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pagesi to iv, pages1to14 and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment tabl

18、e on the inside front cover.iv blankBS3618-6:1972 BSI 12-1999 1 Glossary Term Definition air blasting A method of blasting in which compressed air at very high pressure is piped to a steel shell in a shothole and discharged. airleg A device, incorporating a pneumatic cylinder, providing support and

19、thrust for a jackhammer. ANFO A mixture of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil in such proportions that the mixture can be detonated with a suitable initiator. base charge 1. The detonating component in a detonator, initiated by the priming charge. 2. The bottom charge in a deep borehole in quarry blastin

20、g. battery See exploder. bench A part of the face of a large excavation which is not advanced as part of the round but as a separate operation. bit 1. A cutting tool which is detachable from the drill rod. 2. The end of a drill stem that forms the actual cutting edge. black blasting powder See black

21、 powder. black powder BLACK BLASTING POWDER BLACKPOWDER GUNPOWDER, deprecated A low explosive composed of sodium or potassium nitrate, charcoal and sulphur. blasting gelatine A high explosive; the most powerful commercial explosive, taken as the standard of explosive power. blown-out shot A shot whi

22、ch has expended its force outwards down the line of the shothole without doing any appreciable blasting work. break detector A tool used to detect breaks or fissures intersected by a shothole. (Usually combined with a scraper.) bulk strength The strength of an explosive per unit volume expressed as

23、a percentage of the value for blasting gelatine as a standard. burden The distance between an explosive charge and a free face which is a measure of the work to be done by the charge. burn cut A cut consisting of a number of holes drilled parallel and close together, some (which may be of larger dia

24、meter than the shotholes) remaining uncharged to provide a free face. (See Figure 1.) burster An hydraulic mechanism which, when inserted into a large diameter shothole, breaks down the strata by means of pistons operating transversely. bursting time The total time interval between the application o

25、f current to an instantaneous detonator and its explosion. cap See detonator. capped fuse A detonator fitted with a length of safety fuse. Cardox A method of blasting using the discharge of high pressure gaseous carbon dioxide from a steel shell. cartridge An individual unit of explosive, usually wr

26、apped in the form of a cylinder. chamber An excavation to accommodate an explosive charge. chambering See springing. charge The quantity of explosive in any particular shothole. chisel bit A percussive bit having a single cutting edge. circuit tester An instrument used to test series-circuits in ele

27、ctrical shot-firing for continuity and resistance.BS3618-6:1972 2 BSI 12-1999 Term Definition collaring The operation of starting to bore a hole. column charge A continuous charge in a quarry borehole (cf. deck charge. compressed air blasting See definition of air blasting. cone cut A cut in which a

28、 number of central holes are drilled towards a focal point and, when fired, break out a conical section of strata. (See Figure 2.) cooling agent Chemical added to an explosive during manufacture to suppress or inhibit the flame produced in blasting. crimping The action of squeezing the open end of a

29、 plain detonator, or a detonating relay, over a length of fuse. cross bit See cruciform bit. cruciform bit CROSS BIT A percussive bit having two cutting edges intersecting at right angles. cuckoo shot A shot fired in the roof of a longwall working, between the face and the waste, or in the waste. cu

30、shion blasting A method of blasting in which an air space is left between the explosive charge and the stemming, or in which the shothole is of substantially larger diameter than the cartridge. cut SUMP The group of holes fired first in a round to provide additional free faces for the succeeding sho

31、ts. cut-off shot A shot in a delay round in which the charge has been wholly or partially exposed to atmosphere by reason of the detonation of an earlier shot in the round. cut shots Shots which initially break ground to provide a free face for subsequent shots. deck charge A charge which is divided

32、 into several separate components along a quarry borehole (cf. column charge). deflagration The burning of a detonating explosive subsequent to its failure to detonate. delay detonator A detonator in which there is a designed interval of time between the application of an electric current to the det

33、onator and its detonation. delay element That part of a delay detonator interposed between the fusehead and the priming charge. delay firing The firing of several shots in sequence, at designed intervals of time, usually by means of delay detonators, detonating relays or sequence switches. delay int

34、erval The nominal period between the firing of successive delay detonators in a series of shots. detonating fuse A fuse containing a detonating explosive. detonating relay A device used intermediately in a detonating fuse circuit to obtain a short time delay. detonation The action of converting the

35、chemicals in an explosive charge to gases at a high pressure, by means of a self-propagating shock wave passing through the charge. detonator CAP, deprecated A device for producing detonation in a high-explosive charge, and initiated by a safety fuse or by electricity. diamond cut See pyramid cut. d

36、irect initiation A method of blasting in which the primer cartridge is placed at the end of the explosives charge nearest the entrance to the shothole and the detonator is placed at the outer end of the primer cartridge.BS3618-6:1972 BSI 12-1999 3 Term Definition down-the-hole drill A percussive dri

37、ll in which the percussive mechanism is located immediately behind the drill bit. drag cut A cut in which groups of holes are drilled at increasing heights above floor level and at increasing angles from the free face. The shots are fired to break out successive wedges of strata across the width of

38、the face. (See Figure 3.) drifter A heavy percussive drill requiring some form of rigid mounting. drill boom An adjustable arm projecting from a drill carriage to carry a drill and hold it in selected positions. drill carriage A vehicle on which one or more drill booms are mounted to permit the dril

39、ls to be brought easily to their work and to be removed before blasting. (See also jumbo.) drill cradle The metal channel on which a heavy drill is fed forward as drilling proceeds. drill rig DRILL STAND Any means of supporting a rock-drill at its work. drill stand See drill rig. drill steel See rod

40、 and stem (1). dynamite A general term relating to explosives in which the principal constituent, nitro-glycerine, is contained within an absorbent substance. easer One of a number of holes surrounding the cut and fired immediately after it. eq.s. explosive (obsolescent) (Abbreviation of equivalent-

41、to-sheathed explosive.) An unsheathed explosive incorporating cooling agents, which is equivalent in safety (relating to the ignition of methane/air mixture) on a charge weight basis to an explosive having a sheath of cooling agents around it. excitation time The minimum time for which electric curr

42、ent must flow in the fusehead of a detonator to ensure its ignition. exploder BATTERY, deprecated A device designed specifically for producing an electric current for firing detonators. fan cut A cut in which holes of equal or increasing length are drilled in a pattern on a horizontal plane or in a

43、selected stratum to break out a considerable part of it before the rest of the round is fired; the holes are fired in succession in accordance with the increasing angle they form in relation to the face. (See Figure 4.) firing The process of initiating the action of an explosive charge or the operat

44、ion of a mechanism which results in a blasting action. fir-tree bit A rotary bit in which a number of cutting edges are arranged behind a pilot bit to enlarge the hole to the required diameter. flanking hole 1. A shothole drilled at an acute angle to the coal face for the purpose of trimming it. 2.

45、Set Drainage section. flush head See water swivel. foam injection The injection of foam into shotholes and connecting breaks to displace any firedamp present and to minimize further firedamp emission into the shotholes, thereby reducing the risk of ignition of the gas during shotfiring. free face A

46、surface in the vicinity of a shothole at which the rock is free to move under the force of the explosion. fuse See examples under detonating fuse and safety fuse.BS3618-6:1972 4 BSI 12-1999 Term Definition fusehead That part of an electric detonator consisting of twin metal conductors bridged by fin

47、e resistance wire and surrounded by a bead of igniting compound which burns when the firing current is passed through the bridge wire. fuse lighter (igniter) A hand-held device for lighting safety fuse. gel ampoule A fire-resistant plastic container of gel which is used as a safety precaution in the

48、 stemming of shotholes. gelatines A general term relating to explosives in which a principal constituent, nitro-glycerine, is given a gelatinous consistency by mixing it with nitro-cotton. gelignite A general term relating to explosives of the gelatine type in which there is a proportion of woodmeal

49、 and oxygen-containing salts. group A number of shots sufficiently close together to be treated in common in respect of preparation for firing. gunpowder See black powder. hammer drill A percussive drill. heading blast TUNNEL BLAST A quarry blast in which the explosive charge is located in one or more chambers excavated behind the quarry face. high explosive Explosive which requires to be detonated. high tension detonator (obsolescent) A detonator requiring an electrical potential of about50volts for firing. hollow drill rod/stem HOLLOW DRI