1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 476-13: 1987 ISO 5657:1986 Incorporating Amendment No. 1 Fire tests on building materials and structures Part 13: Method of measuring the ignitability of products subjected to thermal irradiance ISO title: Fire tests Reaction to fire Ignitability of building products UDC 614.841.
2、332:620.1:69.01:536.468BS 476-13:1987 This British Standard, having been prepared under the directionof the Fire Standards Committee, was published underthe authority of the BoardofBSI and comes intoeffecton 30June1987 BSI 02-1999 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Com
3、mittee reference FSM/1 Draft for comment 85/40847 DC ISBN 0 580 15953 1 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Fire Standards Committee (FSM/-) to Technical Committee FSM/1 upon which the following bodies were represented: Assoc
4、iation of British Roofing Felt Electricity Supply Industry in England and Manufacturers Wales Association of Building Component Engineering Equipment and Materials Users Manufacturers Ltd. Association Association of Structural Fire Protection Eurisol (UK) Association of Manufacturers of Contractors
5、and Manufacturers Mineral Insulation Fibres British Coal Fibre Building Board Organisation British Fire Services Association (FIDOR) British Floor Covering Manufacturers Fibre Cement Manufacturers Association Ltd. Association Fire Insurers Research and Testing British Plastics Federation Organisatio
6、n (FIRTO) British Railways Board Fire Offices Committee British Rigid Urethane Foam Fire Protection Association Manufacturers Association Flat Glass Manufacturers Association British Wood Preserving Association Flat Roofing Contractors Advisory Board Cement and Concrete Association Gypsum Products D
7、evelopment Association Chemical Industries Association Home Office Chief and Assistant Chief Fire Officers Institution of Fire Engineers Association Mastic Asphalt Council and Employers Concrete Society Federation Department of Education and Science National Council of Building Materials Department
8、of the Environment (Building Producers Research Establishment, National GRP Construction Federation Fire Research Station) RAPRA Technology Ltd. Department of the Environment for Royal Institute of British Architects Northern Ireland Steel Construction Institute Department of the Environment (Housin
9、g Timber Research and Development Association and Construction Industries) United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Department of the Environment (Property Warrington Fire Research Centre Services Agency) Wood Wool Slab Manufacturers Department of Transport (Marine Association Directorate) Yarsley Tec
10、hnical Centre Ltd. The following bodies were also represented in the drafting of the standard, through subcommittees and panels: Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Products Phenolic Foam Manufacturers Association Association Thermal Insulation Manufacturers and London Scientific Services Suppliers Associat
11、ion (TIMSA) Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date of issue Comments 5774 January 1988 Indicated by a sideline in the marginBS 476-13:1987 BSI 02-1999 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover National foreword ii 0 Introduction 1 1 Scope and field of application 1 2 Refer
12、ences 1 3 Definitions 1 4 Principles of the test 2 5 Suitability of a product for testing 2 6 Specimen construction and preparation 2 7 Test apparatus 3 8 Test environment 6 9 Additional equipment 6 10 Setting-up procedure and requirements 7 11 Calibration 8 12 Test procedure 8 13 Expression of resu
13、lts 10 14 Test report 10 Annex A Commentary on the text and guidance note for operators 11 Annex B Summary test report 14 Annex C Application and limitations of test 15 Annex D Variability in time to sustained surface ignition 16 Figure 1 Wrapping of the specimen 18 Figure 2 Ignitability test appara
14、tus General view 19 Figure 3a Specimen support framework Part sectional elevation along B-B 20 Figure 3b Specimen support framework Part sectional plan along A-A 21 Figure 4a Specimen support framework and radiator cone 22 Figure 4b Radiator cone 23 Figure 4c Methods for attachment of thermocouples
15、to heater coil 24 Figure 4d Grids of readings for irradiance distribution 25 Figure 5 Pilot flame nozzle 26 Figure 6a Pilot flame application mechanism Pilot flame arm 27 Figure 6b Pilot flame application mechanism Base plate (plan view) 28 Figure 6c Pilot flame application mechanism Cam geometry 29
16、 Figure 7 Specimen insertion and location tray 30 Figure 8 Specimen screening plate 31 Figure 9 Extraction hood and draught screen for ignitability apparatus 32 Figure 10 Diagrammatic arrangement of apparatus and additionalequipment 33 Figure 11 Dummy specimen board 34 Table Coefficients of variatio
17、n, repeatabilities and reproducibilities of timetosustained surface ignition 17 Publications referred to Inside back coverBS 476-13:1987 ii BSI 02-1999 National foreword This Part of BS476 has been prepared under the direction of the Fire Standards Committee. It is identical with ISO5657-1986 “Fire
18、tests Reaction to fire Ignitability of building products”, published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Terminology and conventions. The text of the international standard has been approved as suitable for publication as a British Standard without deviation. Some terminolog
19、y and certain conventions are not identical with those used in British Standards; attention is drawn especially to the following. The comma has been used as a decimal marker. In British Standards it is current practice to use a full point on the baseline as the decimal marker. Wherever the words “In
20、ternational Standard” appear, referring to this standard, they should be read as “Part of BS476”. Wherever values for irradiance are given (e.g. in 9.1 and 9.2) they are given in units of W/cm 2 . In British Standards it is current practice to use kW/m 2 , conversion to which requires that the value
21、 is multiplied by 10 (in the example given in 9.1 5W/cm 2would be 50 kW/m 2and in the example given in9.2, 10W/cm 2would be 100 kW/m 2 ). Cross-references. The Technical Committee has reviewed the provisions of the following international standards, to which reference is made in the text, and has de
22、cided that they are acceptable for use in conjunction with this Part of BS476. Related British Standards are given in parentheses. ISO 291-1967, (BS2782 Methods of testing plastics Method1004:1977 Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing). ISO3261-1975, (BS4422 Glossary of terms associated
23、with fire). ISO/TR 3814-1975, (No British Standard). ISO5725-1981, (BS5497 Precision of test methods 1:1979, Guide for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility for a standard test method). ISO/TR6585-1979, (No British Standard). A British Standard does not purport to include all the ne
24、cessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pag
25、es1 to 34, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on theinside front cover.BS 476-13:1987 BSI 02-1999 1 0 Introduction 0.1 Fire is a complex phenomenon: its beh
26、aviour and its effects depend upon a number of interrelated factors. The behaviour of materials and products depends upon the characteristics of the fire, the method of use of the materials and the environment in which they are exposed. The philosophy of “reaction to fire” tests is explained in ISO/
27、TR 3814. 0.2 A test such as is specified in this International Standard deals only with a simple representation of a particular aspect of the potential fire situation typified by a radiant heat source and a flame; it cannot alone provide any direct guidance on behaviour or safety in fire. A test of
28、this type may, however, be used for comparative purposes or to ensure the existence of a certain quality of performance (in this case ignitability) considered to have a bearing on fire performance generally. It would be wrong to attach any other meaning to performance in this test. 0.3 The term “ign
29、itability” is defined in ISO 3261 as the capability of a material of being ignited. It is one of the first fire properties to be manifest and should almost always be taken into account in any assessment of fire hazard. It may not, however, be the main characteristic of the material which affects the
30、 subsequent development of fire in a building. 0.4 This test does not rely upon the use of asbestos-based materials. 0.5 The attention of all users of the test is drawn to the following warning. SAFETY WARNING So that suitable precautions may be taken to safeguard health, the attention of all concer
31、ned in fire tests is drawn to the possibility that toxic or harmful gases may be evolved during exposure of test specimens. The advice on safety given in Annex A, clause A.7 should also be noted. 1 Scope and field of application This International Standard specifies a method for examining the igniti
32、on characteristics of the exposed surfaces of specimens of essentially flat materials, composites or assemblies not exceeding70mm in thickness, when placed horizontally and subjected to specified levels of thermal irradiance. 2 References ISO 291, Plastics Standard atmospheres for conditioning and t
33、esting. ISO 3261, Fire tests Vocabulary. ISO/TR 3814, The development of tests for measuring “reaction to fire” of building materials. ISO 5725, Precision of test methods Determination of repeatability and reproducibility by inter-laboratory tests. ISO/TR 6585, Fire hazard and the design and use of
34、fire tests. 3 Definitions (See also clauseA.1 inAnnex A.) For the purposes of this International Standard, the definitions given in ISO3261 apply, together with the following: 3.1 product material, composite or assembly about which information is required 3.2 material single substance or uniformly d
35、ispersed mixture, for example metal, stone, timber, concrete, mineral fibre, polymers 3.3 composite combination of materials which are generally recognized in building construction as discrete entities, for example coated or laminated materials 3.4 assembly fabrication of materials and/or composites
36、, for example sandwich panels. This may include an air gap 3.5 exposed surface that surface of the product subjected to the heating conditions of the test 3.6 specimen representative piece of the product which is to be tested together with any substrate or treatment. This may include an air gap 3.7
37、essentially flat surface surface whose irregularity from a plane does not exceed 1mm 3.8 irradiance (at a point of a surface) quotient of the radiant flux incident on an infinitesimal element of surface containing the point, by the area of that elementBS 476-13:1987 2 BSI 02-1999 3.9 sustained surfa
38、ce ignition inception of a flame on the surface of the specimen which is still present at the next application of the pilot flame 3.10 transitory surface ignition inception of any flame at the surface of the specimen which is not sustained until the next application of the pilot flame 3.11 plume ign
39、ition inception of any flame in the plume above the specimen, sustained or transitory 4 Principles of the test (See also clauseA.2 in Annex A.) Specimens of the product are mounted horizontally and exposed to thermal radiation on their upper surfaces at selected levels of constant irradiance within
40、the range 1 to 5W/cm 2 . A pilot flame is applied at regular intervals to a position 10mm above the centre of each specimen to ignite any volatile gases given off. The time at which sustained surface ignition occurs is reported. Other types of ignition which occur are reported in12.5. Convection tra
41、nsfer may also make a very small contribution (not more than a few per cent) to the heating at the centre of a specimen and to the reading of the radiometer during the calibration procedure. However, the term irradiance is used throughout this International Standard as best indicating the essentiall
42、y radiative mode of heat transfer. 5 Suitability of a product for testing (See also clauseA.3 in Annex A.) 5.1 Surface characteristics 5.1.1 A product having one of the following properties is suitable for testing: a) an essentially flat exposed surface; b) a surface irregularity which is evenly dis
43、tributed over the exposed surface provided that: at least 50% of the surface of a representative150mm diameter area lies within a depth of 10mm from a plane taken across the highest points on the exposed surface, and/or for surfaces containing cracks, fissures or holes not exceeding 8mm in width nor
44、 10mm in depth, the total area of such cracks, fissures or holes at the surface does not exceed 30% of a representative 150mm diameter area of the exposed surface. 5.1.2 When an exposed surface does not meet the requirements of either5.1.1 a) or5.1.1 b), the product shall, if practicable, be tested
45、in a modified form complying as nearly as possible with the requirements given in 5.1.1. The test report shall state that the product has been tested in a modified form and clearly describe the modification (seeclause14). 5.2 Asymmetrical products A product submitted for this test could have faces w
46、hich differ or could contain laminations of different materials arranged in a different order in relation to the two faces. If either of the faces can be exposed in use within a room, cavity or void, then both faces shall be tested. 6 Specimen construction and preparation (See also clauseA.4 inAnnex
47、 A.) 6.1 Specimens 6.1.1 Five specimens shall be tested at each level of irradiance selected and for each different exposed surface. 6.1.2 The specimens shall be representative of the product, square, with sides measuring. 6.1.3 Materials and composites of normal thickness70mm or less shall be teste
48、d using their full thickness. 6.1.4 For materials and composites of normal thickness greater than 70mm, the requisite specimens shall be obtained by cutting away the unexposed face to reduce the thickness to 6.1.5 When cutting specimens from products with irregular surfaces, the highest point on the
49、 surface shall be arranged to occur at the centre of the specimen. 1655 0 mm 703 0 mm .BS 476-13:1987 BSI 02-1999 3 6.1.6 Assemblies shall be tested as specified in 6.1.3 or 6.1.4 as appropriate. However, where thin materials or composites are used in the fabrication of an assembly, the presence of air or an air gap and/or the nature of any underlying construction may significantly affect the ignition characteristics of the exposed surface. The influence of the underlying layers should be
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