BS 4845-2-1979 Methods for sampling manufactured domestic solid smokeless fuels in small consignments of mass 50 kg to 5000 kg either in bulk or in bags - Sampling of solid smokele.pdf

1、BRITISH STANDARD CONFIRMED JULY 1990 BS 4845-2: 1979 Methods for Sampling manufactured domestic solid smokeless fuels in small consignments of mass50kg to5000kg either in bulk or in bags Part 2: Sampling of solid smokeless fuels other than coke UDC 662:62:620:113BS4845-2:1979 This British Standard,

2、having been prepared under the directionof the Solid Fuel Standards Committee, was published under the authorityofthe Executive Boardon 31January1979 BSI 12-1999 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference SFC/45 Draft for comment77/53312DC ISBN 0580106144 C

3、ooperating organizations The Solid Fuel Standards Committee, under whose direction this British Standard was prepared, consists of representatives from the following Government departments and scientific and industrial organizations: Association of Consulting Engineers British Carbonization Research

4、 Association* British Cast Iron Research Association British Coal Exporters Federation* British Ironfounders Association Chamber of Coal Traders Chartered Institution of Building Services Coke Oven Managers Association* Combustion Engineering Association Consumer Standards Advisory Committee of BSI

5、Council of Ironfoundry Associations Department of Energy, Energy Technology Domestic Solid Fuel Appliances Approval Scheme Electricity Supply Industry in England and Wales* Health and Safety Executive Heating and Ventilating Contractors Association Institute of British Foundrymen Institute of Fuel*

6、Low Temperature Coal Distillers Association of Great Britain Ltd. National Coal Board* Society of British Gas Industries Solid Fuel Advisory Service Solid Smokeless Fuels Federation* Womens Solid Fuel Council The organizations marked with an asterisk in the above list, together with the following, w

7、ere directly represented on the committee entrusted with the preparation of this British Standard: British Steel Corporation Cement Makers Federation Chemical Industries Association Institute of Trading Standards Administration London Coal Exporters Association Amendments issued since publication Am

8、d. No. Date of issue CommentsBS4845-2:1979 BSI 12-1999 i Contents Page Cooperating organizations Inside front cover Foreword ii 1 Scope 1 2 References 1 3 Definitions 1 4 Representative samples 1 5 Precision of sampling 1 6 Mass of sample 1 7 Procedure 1 Appendix A Partial drying of the sample 3 Pub

9、lications referred to Inside back coverBS4845-2:1979 ii BSI 12-1999 Foreword This method is based on proposals submitted by the National Coal Board. The principles and procedures for incremental sampling of coal and coke and the precision obtained in practice are described in BS1017-1 and BS1017-2.

10、These procedures are suitable for samples intended for determining the mean quality of production over a period or of bulk consignments of mass greater than5000kg but not for those for small consignments of mass500kg to5000kg such as domestic fuels in bulk or in bags. A method for sampling domestic

11、coke in small consignments is specified in BS4845-1. This new Part of BS4845 specifies a corresponding method for small consignments of other manufactured solid smokeless fuels. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are

12、responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages1 to 4, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard ha

13、s been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover.BS4845-2:1979 BSI 12-1999 1 1 Scope This Part of BS4845 specifies procedures for the sampling of small consignments of domestic solid smokeless fuels,

14、 other than coke, of mass50kg to5000kg either in bulk or in bags of a nominal upper size not greater than80mm. 2 References The titles of the publications referred to in this standard are listed on the inside back cover. 3 Definitions For the purposes of this Part of BS4845 the following definitions

15、 apply. 3.1 domestic solid smokeless fuels the solid residue of the distillation of coal or of a mixture of coal with additives and/or binders, at medium or low temperatures (below800 C), which when tested by the procedure specified in BS3841 has a smoke emission not exceeding5g/h 3.2 consignment th

16、e whole quantity of fuel from which a sample is to be taken 3.3 increment the quantity of fuel taken by a single operation of the sampling instrument 4 Representative samples For the sample to be representative of a consignment it is essential that the sample is formed from several increments. For b

17、ulk quantities this is achieved by taking increments from the whole quantity and for fuel in bags by taking increments from the mixed contents of the required number of complete bags. 5 Precision of sampling Important factors in the precision of sampling are the number of increments taken and their

18、mass. It is essential that the mass of an increment is related to the size of the fuel to be sampled and that for a given precision the mass of the sample is not less than a minimum related to the nominal upper size of80mm (see clause1). Experiments have shown that, for smokeless fuels within the sc

19、ope of this Part of BS4845, multiple samples each of mass approximately50kg are necessary to give the required precision. A standard precision of 1% for moisture content with a probability of95% is desirable (see clause4 of BS1017-2:1960). However, experiments have shown that for consignments of smo

20、keless fuel in bags this precision can only be achieved by sampling an impracticably large number of bags and that a precision of 2% with the same probability is an acceptable compromise for smokeless fuels either in bulk or in bags which come within the scope (clause1) and are sampled in accordance

21、 with the procedures specified in clause7. NOTEIf additional samples, say for reserve, are necessary it is important to ensure that an adequate initial mass is available. 6 Mass of sample The mass of the sample taken shall be about50kg, and not less than45kg, obtained in increments each of about2kg.

22、 7 Procedure 7.1 General. To ease the problem of handling use a normal shovel capable of holding a mass of about2kg. Where it is necessary to mix the consignment of fuel or any part of it during sampling carry out this operation on a clean, dry, hard surface. Place each sample in a suitable clean dr

23、y container (or containers) capable of being effectively sealed to prevent loss of moisture and close immediately. Each container shall be properly labelled to enable the sample to be fully identified. NOTEMetal or plastic containers provided with a close fitting lid or plastic bags with necks which

24、 can be tightly bound are suitable. 7.2 Sampling of consignments of mass50kg to100kg in bulk or in bags. The sample shall consist of the whole of the consignment, unless it is sufficient to take two samples of not less than45kg each. 7.3 Sampling of consignments of mass greater than100kg in bulk. Fo

25、rm the sample by taking increments each of mass about2kg covering the whole of the consignment; in the course of sampling ensure that the whole consignment is moved by the shovel. Take not less than22increments for any one sample. Collect the increments at regular and evenly spaced intervals coverin

26、g the whole consignment. Because of the variability of moisture within the bulk load take three samples if more than150kg is available or two samples if more than100kg but less than150kg is available.BS4845-2:1979 2 BSI 12-1999 This is illustrated as follows: It is required to sample a consignment o

27、f500kg of fuel. This mass is equivalent to250 increments each of about2kg. To ensure that each of the three samples contains not less than22 increments, equally spaced, it is necessary to collect one increment in250/(3 22), i.e. not less than one increment in every three increments moved. This is ca

28、rried out as follows: The remaining increments are moved during sampling but are not collected. 7.4 Sampling of consignments in bags of total mass greater than50kg but not greater than250kg. If the fuel is visibly wet place it in one or more containers and dry it partially as described inAppendix A.

29、 Tip the whole consignment in a conical heap on a clean dry hard surface and mix by re-forming it in a second heap. Using the procedure specified in7.3, take three samples if more than150kg is available, or two samples if more than than100kg but less than100kg is available. 7.5 Sampling of consignme

30、nts in bags of total mass greater than250kg but not greater than5000kg. Collect a total mass of not less than250kg of fuel from the consignment by taking complete bags evenly spaced through the consignment. If the fuel is visibly wet, place it in one or more containers and dry it partially as descri

31、bed in Appendix A Empty the bags in a conical heap on a clean dry hard surface and mix by reforming it in a second heap. Using the procedure specified in7.3, take four samples. Sample Increments 1 1, 10, 19, 28, 244 2 4, 13, 22, 31, . 247 3 7, 16, 25, 34, . 250BS4845-2:1979 BSI 12-1999 3 Appendix A

32、Partial drying of the sample Weigh the whole of the sample in its container(s) on a weighing machine, the scale of which correctly registers differences of100g or less. Then either spread the sample out in a thin layer on a steel plate in a warm, well-ventilated room and leave until there is no visi

33、ble moisture on either the fuel or the steel plate, or partially dry it in a large oven. The minimum time of exposure shall be12h. In the meantime dry and weigh each container. After drying, replace the sample in the original container(s) and weigh. Record the percentage loss of moisture and write t

34、he details on the label of the sample container(s). Calculate the percentage loss in mass of moisture due to the partial drying (X) using the following formula: where m is the mass of the container(s) and the sample m 1 is the mass of the dry container(s) m 2 is the mass of the dry container(s) and

35、the partially dried fuel After the residual moisture has been determined on the partially dried sample, the total moisture, as a percentage of the original sample, is calculated as: where X is the percentage loss on partial drying taken from the label of the sample container(s) M is the percentage o

36、f residual moisture, determined by the procedure described in BS1016-1. X mm 2 mm 1 -100 = XM 1 X 100 - +4 blankBS4845-2:1979 BSI 12-1999 Publications referred to BS 1016, Methods for the analysis and testing of coal and coke. BS 1016-1, Total moisture of coal. BS 1017, Methods for sampling of coal

37、and coke. BS 1017-1, Sampling of coal 1) . BS 1017-2, Sampling of coke. BS 3841, Method for the measurement of smoke from manufactured solid fuels for domestic open fires. BS 4845, Methods for sampling manufactured domestic solid smokeless fuels in small consignments of mass50kg to5000kg either in b

38、ulk or in bags. BS 4845-1, Sampling of coke 1) . 1) Referred to in the foreword only.BS 4845-2: 1979 BSI 389 Chiswick High Road London W4 4AL BSIBritishStandardsInstitution BSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing BritishStandards. It presents the UK view on standards in Europe

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